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HomeMy WebLinkAbout02082012 - packet CITY OF UKIAH PLANNING COMMISSION AGENDA February 8, 2012 6:00 P.M. 1. CALL TO ORDER 6:00 P.M. CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS UKIAH CIVIC CENTER, 300 SEMINARY AVENUE 2. ROLL CALL COMMISSIONERS BRENNER, DOBLE, SANDERS, WHETZEL, AND CHAIRPERSON PRUDEN 3. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE 4. APPROVAL OF MINUTES The minutes from the December 14, 2011, December 20, 2011, January 11, 2012, and January 25, 2012 meetings will be available for review and approval at the February 22, 2012 meeting. 5. COMMENTS FROM AUDIENCE ON NON-AGENDA ITEMS The Planning Commission welcomes input from the audience. In order for everyone to be heard, please limit your comments to three (3) minutes per person and not more than ten (10) minutes per subject. The Brown Act regulations do not allow action to be taken on audience comments. 6. APPEAL PROCESS All determinations of the Planning Commission regarding major discretionary planning permits and associated California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) determinations are final unless a written appeal, stating the reasons for the appeal, is filed with the City Clerk within ten (10) days of the date the decision was made. An interested party may appeal only if he or she appeared and stated his or her position during the hearing on the decision from which the appeal is taken. For items on this agenda, an appeal must be received by the City Clerk no later than Monday, February 21, 2012 at 5:00 p.m. 7. SITE VISIT VERIFICATION 8. VERIFICATION OF NOTICE 9. PUBLIC HEARINGS A. Walmart Expansion Project Site Development Permit and Statement of Overriding Considerations (File Nos.: 09-28-SDP-PC and 09-42-EIR- PC). Conduct a public hearing, receive public comment, provide Planning Commission comment, and provide direction to staff on the Walmart Expansion Project 1) Major Site Development Permit and associated modifications to landscaping requirements, and 2) Statement of Overriding Considerations. The Americans with Disabilities Act Accommodations. Please be advised that the City needs to be notified 72 hours in advance of a meeting if any specific accommodations or interpreter services are needed in order for you to attend. The City complies with ADA requirements and will attempt to reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities upon request. Please call (707)463-6752 or(707)463-6207 to arrange accommodations. Project is located at 1155 Airport Park Boulevard, APN 180-070-38, in the Airport Industrial Park Planned Development (AIP PD). The project proposes a 47,621 square foot expansion of the existing 109,030 square foot store, for a total square footage of 156,651 to include expanded general merchandise floor area and expanded grocery sales floor area, indoor and outdoor garden centers, as well as the possibility of distilled alcohol sales, and a medical clinic and/or vision center on a 13.44 acre site. Also included as part of the project is a change in store hours to 24 hours per day, seven days per week, modifications to the design of the exterior of the building, the addition of new parking spaces, modifications to the landscaping, and other associated site improvements. The proposed Project requires approval of a Major Site Development Permit, two modifications to the AIP PD landscaping requirements, and adoption of a Statement of Overriding Considerations. As part of the Major Site Development Permit, the Planning Commission will consider the applicant's request for approval of modifications to the AIP PD landscaping requirements for landscaping lot coverage and shade coverage. Approval of the project would also require a Statement of Overriding Considerations for the significant and unavoidable Traffic impacts identified in the Walmart Expansion EIR. This item was continued from the November 9, 2011, December 14, 2011, 7anuary 11, 2012, and the 7anuary 25, 2012 Planning Commission meetings. 10. PLANNING DIRECTOR'S REPORT 11. PLANNING COMMISSIONERS' REPORT 12. AD70URNMENT Americans with Disabilities Act Accommodations. Please be advised that the City needs to be notified 72 hours in advance of a meeting if any specific accommodations or interpreter services are needed in order for you to attend. The City complies with ADA requirements and will attempt to reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities upon request. Please call (707)463-6752 or(707)463-6207 to arrange accommodations. 1 ITEM NQ. 9A � FF := Community Develapment and Planning Department � Y j£Sl . �i�� � ��� 300 Seminary Avenue £,, :,: �,.> Ukiah, CA 95482 y planninq�c�citYofukiah.com � {707)463-6203 2 3 DATE: February 8, 2012 4 5 TO: Planning Commission ' 6 7 FR(3M: Charley Stump, Director of Planning and Community Development 8 ' 9 SUBJECT: Wal-Mart Expansion Project Site Development Permit, Landscaping ZD Modifications, and Statement of Overriding Considerations 11 1155 Airport Park Boulevard, APN 180-070-38, Airport Industrial Park 12 File Nas. 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28.-EIR-PC 13 This item was continued from the November 9, 2019, December 14, 2011, 14 January 1�f, 2012, and January 25, 20�2 Planning Commissian meefings 15 16 Summary: At the January 25, 2012 Planning Commission meeting, the Commission opened 17 the public hearing for the Wal-Mart Site Development Permit (SDP) and associated landscaping 18 modifications, received pubic comment, received a presentation from the applicants, and began 19 deliberations on the SDP. Due to time limitations, the Commission did not have an opportunity 20 to discuss and deliberate on the Statement of Overriding Considerations. 21 22 After considerable discussion on the Site Development Permit, the Commission developed a list 23 of additional information it needed to fully understand the project. The applicants agreed ta 24 provide the information to the best of its ability, and the Commission, with the concurrence of 25 the applicants continued the matter to February 8, 2012. 26 27 The applicants have submitted the additianal information requested by the Planning 28 Commission (Attachment No. 1). 29 30 Additional Information Requested by the Planning Commission: The Planning 31 Commission requested that the applicants provide the following information. The applicants 32 responded with the information contained in Attachment No. 1. 33 34 1. Revise the western elevation to modify the upward sloping canopies to mare typical 35 downward sloping canopieslawnings. This was deemed important for shading on the 36 western side of the building. 37 38 2. Revise the north elevation of the building in the vicinity of the roll-up doors to provide 39 more building articulation. ' 40 ' 41 3. Site Plan: Show an outside employee lounge area with design amenities (benches, 42 etc.). WaI-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PG February 8,2012 2 1 2 4, Site Plan: Show/highlight the pedestrian access facilities—A Pedestrian Access Pian. 3 4 5. Use textured cancrete for the pedestrian areas in front of the access points to the 5 buiiding. 6 7 6. Discuss with Public Works and the MTA: Relocate the bus shelter further east. 8 9 7. Diseuss with Public Works: Consider adding a mid-block crosswalk on Commerce 10 Drive. 11 12 8. Use more tree planting strips in the parking lot rather than individual tree planting wells. 13 ' 14 9. Recalculate the landscaping coverage taking into account the bus shelter and 6-foot 15 wide walkways. 16 17 10. Provide a site plan schematic showing how the 20% landscaping coverage could be 18 achieved (reduced parking, reduced building footprint, etc.) What does compliance with 19 the 20% landscaping coverage look like? 20 21 11. Submit an exhibit that provides details about the proposed LID improvements. 22 23 12. Landscaping Plan: Add trees to the east side of the building to screen it more from the 24 highway. ' 25 26 Architectural Modifications: Revised renderings depicting tha architectural modifications v requested by the Commission were not available at the time of Staff Report preparation, but will 28 be provided ta the Commission as soon as possible. 29 30 Landscaping: In regard to the 20% landscaping coverage issue, the applicants have revised 31 the project to include the use of Grasspave, a porous pavement product that allows parking, ' 32 riding, driving, and walking on a live grass surface. This product would be used on the 20-foot 33 wide fire access lane behind the building and along the parking stalls fronting Airport Park Blvd. 34 Detailed information about this product is included in Attachment 1. The applicartts have - 35 concluded that if the Planning Commission accepts this product as "landscaping", the ! 36 percentage of landscaping on the site would climb to 20.1% and the request for the modification 37 would no longer be necessary. ' 38 39 The request for relief from the tree shade coverage standard is still being requested and must 4o be addressed by the Planning Commission. 41 ' 42 Bus Stop: In regard to the bus stop location, Staff spoke with the Director of Public Works, who 43 indicated that either side of the access driveway would be acceptable. The applicants have 44 shown both alternatives in the revised Site Plan. ' 45 46 Crosswalk: In regard to the possible new crosswalk linking the stores north and south of ' 47 Commerce Drive, the City Engineer indicated that while he does not generally support mid-block ' 48 crosswalks, there does appear to be some rationale for one in the vicinity of the Commerce ' Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09 28-EIR-PC February 8,2012 2 1 Drive bus stop. He indicated further any such crosswalk in this location would be required ta 2 have bulb-outs on the ends and other features similar to the new crosswalk canstructed on 3 Hospital Drive. The applicants have shown a potential location on the revised Site Plan. 4 5 Additional Items: Staff requests that the Commission review the additional information 6 submitted by the applicant {Attachment Na. 1), and determine if enough information has been 7 submitted for the Commission to fUlly understand the project. 8 9 10 Planning Commission Discussion: Staff requests that the Planning Commission continue its 11 discussion of the Site Development Permit (SDP) for consistency with the required findings and 12 provide direction to staff. 13 ' 14 After reviewing the Site Development Permit and the new approach to landscaping/landscaping 15 modifications, staff requests that the Gommission discuss the Statement of Overriding 16 Considerations and provide direction to staff. - 17 18 Please refer to the November 9, 2011, December 14, 2011 and January 25, 2012 staff reports 19 for staff analysis of the SDP, landscaping modifications, and statement of overriding 20 considerations. 21 22 Required Findings for a Site Development Permit: The Ukiah City Code requires that the 23 following findings be made in arder for the Site Development Permit to be approved: 24 25 1. The proposal is consistent with the goals, abjectives, and policies of the City General 26 Plan. 27 2. The lacation, size, and intensity of the proposed project will not create a hazardous or 28 inconvenient vehicular or pedestrian traffic pattern. 29 3. The accessibility of off-street parking areas and the relation of parking areas with ' 30 respect to traffic on adjacent streets will not create a hazardous or inconvenient condition 31 to adjacent or surrounding uses. 32 4. Sufficient landscaped areas have been reserved for purposes of separating or ' 33 screening the praposed structure(s) from the street and adjoining building sites, and 34 breaking up and screening large expanses of paved areas. _ 35 5. The proposed develapment will not restrict or cut out light and air on the property, or on 36 the property in the neighborhood; nor will it hinder the development or use of buildings in 37 the neighborhood, or impair the value thereof. ' 38 6. The improvement of any commercial or industrial structure will not have a substantial 39 detrimental impact on the character or value of an adjacent residential zoning district. Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PC February 8,2012 � 1 7. The proposed development wili not excessively damage or destroy natural features, 2 including trees, shrubs, creeks, and the natural grade of the site. 3 8. There is sufficient variety, creativity, and articulation to the architecture and design of 4 the structure(s) and grounds to avoid monotony and/or a box-like uninteresting external 5 appearance. 6 Statement of Overriding Considerations: If Planning Commission indicates that it would be 7 able to determine that the project is consistent with the required findings for a SDP and grant s the landscaping modifications, a Statement of Overriding Cansiderations would be required in 9 order to approve the SDP. A Statement of Overriding Considerations is required when the EIR 10 identifies significant and unavoidable environmental impacts associated with the project. In the 11 case of the Wal-Mart Expansion Project EIR, significant and unavoidable traffic impacts have 12 been identified. CEQA Guidelinas section 15Q93(a) states CEQA requires the decision-making 13 agency to ba/ance, as applicable, the economic, legal, socia/, techno/ogical, or other benefits of 14 a proposed project against its unavoidable environmental risks when determining whether to 15 approve the project. If Planning Commission determines the benefits of the proposed Project ' 16 outweigh the unavaidable adverse environmental effects of the Project, the adverse 17 environmental effects may be considered "acceptable." 18 ' 19 Considerations for adoption of a statement of overriding considerations for the proposed Praject ' 20 could include: additianal jobs created by fhe Project; additional revenue for the City generated 21 by the Project in the form of sales tax, property tax, and business license tax (see fiscal impact 22 report for the project); landscaping improvements to the parking lot; improvements to pedestrian 23 facilities; and/or other considerations identified by the Planning Commission. The Fiscal Impact 24 Report for the Project was provided to Planning Commission separately on 10/3112011, 25 Subsequent to the availability af the Fiscal Report, public comment was received from Steve 26 Scalmanini regarding the report. In response to Mr. Scalmanini's comments, the report was re- 27 evaluated and revised (see attachment 1 of January 25, 2012 Staff Memarandum). The revised 28 report indicates that the Project would result in less revenue ta the City than originally 29 estimated. ' 3Q 31 Should Planning Commission determine that the benefits of the Project outweigh the significant 32 and unavoidable environmental effects identified in the EIR (Traffic and Circulation (see ! - 33 attachment 3)), CEQA Guidelines section 15093(b) states the agency shall state in writing the 34 specific reasons to support its action based on the final ElR and/or other information in the 35 record. The statement of averriding considerations sha!/be supported by substanfial evidence 36 in the record. This is formally known as a °Statement of Overriding Cansiderations." Should the 37 Planning Commission determine that the benefits of the Project do not outweigh the significant ' 38 and unavoidable environmental impacts of the Project, the Planning Commission cannot 39 approve the site development or associated landscaping madifications. ' 40 ' 41 Staff requests that the Commission discuss the potential benefits of the project and provide 42 direction to staff as to whether or not a Statement of Overriding Considerations could be made 43 for the Project. ' 44 45 46 ' Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PC February 8,2012 4 1 Public Comment: Staff received a number of emails commenting on the project after the 2 January 25, 2012 meeting. These emails are included as Attachment No. 2. 3 4 Conclusion: As part of the Commission's review of the SDP, landscaping modifications, and 5 Statement of Overriding Gonsiderations, staff requests that the Cammission articulate the 6 reasons why it supports or does not support each actian (Site Development Permit, landscaping 7 modifications, Statement of Overriding Considerations). Based on the direction and the 8 reasons articulated by the Commission, staff will prepare findings and/or conditions of approval 9 as applicable for the following: 10 ' 1� 1. Approval of the Site Development Permit and associated landscaping modification 12 request; or 13 14 Denial of the Site Development Permit and associated landscaping modification request. 15 16 2. Statement of Overriding Considerations as required for approval of the Project. 17 ' 18 Attachments: 19 20 1. Additional Submitted InformationlExhibits from Applicant, dated February 1, 2012: ! 21 22 • Summary letter from Tait and Associates, dated February 1, 2012 ' 23 24 • Revised Site Plan, Grading/Drainage Plan, Existing Tree Survey, Landscape 25 Demolition Plan, Flanting Plan, Shade Calculation (Davis), Shade Calculatian ! 26 (US Forest Service), Irrigation Plan 27 28 • Email from the MTA addressing Bus Pad, dated September 7, 2011 ' 29 30 • Bio-retention information, California Stormwater Quality Association 31 ' 32 • Grasspave Brochure � 33 34 • Tree Planting Information from project �andscape Architects, dated ' 35 November 23, 2011 ' 36 37 • Proposed Stormfilter— Infarmation Brochure 38 39 2. Additional Public Comment Emails Received Subsequent to January 25, 2012 40 41 3. Summary of Traffic Impacts from EIR ' 42 43 Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PC February8,2012 ' 5 Atfc�c�hr��nt � f�j , �csaw�ro ra�a cas�acaea�an 11280 Trc�cie Cc ci�sr Dt•ive.R�rncht��oriic,vcr.GA'45742 F:91b1635F2d44� �vyvw:Ebii.com � February 1, 2012 VIA EMAIL AND OVERNIGHT DELIVERY Charley Stump ' Planning and Community Development ' 300 Seminary Avenue Ukiah,CA 95482 Re: Walmart Expansion Project—Additianal Information Responding to Planning Commission's Requests Dear Mr. Stump: At the 7anuary 25, 2012 hearing on the Walmart Expansion Project,the Planning Commission requested additional information regarding several aspects of the Project during the Site Development Permit public hearing, On behalf of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., we are submitting this letter,with attached documents, in response to those requests. A summary of the requests and our responses is provided belaw. 1. Provide more shade on the western (front} elevation, particularly at store entrances,and change the type of shade trees at the front of the store. All vestibule canopies will slope down (away from the building) instead of sloping up. This results in lowering the front edge of the canopy by 3'/feet, bringing the overhang down closer to the pedestrians and providing them with better shade coverage. The Crape Myrtie trees have been changed and we will install Trident Maple trees instead.The new Chinese Pistache trees will all be male. The Cherry Laurel tree common name was previausly noted incorrectly; the planting plan has been revised to indicate that these are actually Flowering Plum trees. 2. Provide articulation at the roll-up doors to the indoor garden center on the North elevation. A standing seam canopy supported by columns with cultured stone wrapped bases will be provided. This canopy will be similar in design to the canopy that will be pravided on the South elevation at the outside employee break area. ! 3. Provide an outside area for employees with design amenities (e.g., benches). An outside employe2 break area will be provided on the South side of the buiiding. It will include a standing seam canopy supported by columns with cultured stone wrapped bases (similar in design to the canopy that will be provided on the North elevation). This canopy will shade an area that covers 3 of the proposed bicycle racks and 2 picnic tabies with benches. 1 ! / 1 �' �GS�mtm�at�e�watr.ara+a� 7I290 Ticrcle Centi�r Prive, Rancho Cui•d�wo,C?,�57A2 P:�3��1Q35f�4A��� www:ioit:com � �. 4. Show the pedestrian access facilities on the site plan. Pedestrian access facilities are shown on the attached updated site plan. Note that sidewalks have been widened to 6 feet per the Planning Commission's direction. 5. Provide stamped and/or colored concrete at the pedestrian crossing areas in front af the store. ' New decorative concrete with MUTCD striping will be provided at the pedestrian crossing areas in front of the three (3) building entry points. 6. Relocate the bus stop to the east side of the entry driveway on Commerce. The bus stop pad (with MTA provided bus shelter)will be relocated to the east side of the Commerce driveway entrance. We have provided a sidewalk cannection for pedestrian access to the bus stop. Per the request of Public Works, we have also identified an alternate location for this bus stop on the west side of the Commerce driveway entrance. 7. Provide a erosswalk mid-block on Commerce Drive. A new mid-block crosswalk on Commerce Drive, near the proposed bus stop,wiii be provided. This location is beyond the Walmart driveway and provides for easier connectian to existing sidewalk on the south side of Commerce Drive. 8. Explore different ways to meet the 20% landscape requirement, with caiculations taking into account the bus stop pad and 6-foot wide sidewalks. Grass turf surfaces will be provided at the rear store fire lane and the head-in parking stalls along Airport Park Boulevard. With the inclusion of these grass turf surface areas,the Project meets the 20% landscape requirement. The Project will provide 20.1% landscaping. GrassPave brochure is provided for information regarding applieability of product. 9. Provide information regarding the stormwater treatment unit at the southea�st corner of the site. The Project wili install an 8'x 16'SormFilter treatment vault. Drainage shed map,sizing calculations, and product details are provided. 10. Provide information regarding tree location in regards to the detention area on the northeast corner ! of the site. ' The Project will install all new trees outside the proposed bioretention area.The bioretention area configuration has been modified to avoid existing trees that are to remain. Bioretention area shed map, sizing calculations, and CASQA BMP Nandbook cutsheet are provided. I 11. Provide additional trees on the east side to screen the rear of the store. Additional trees will be added to screen the rear of the store with an emphasis on screening the ' loading doek area. ' � � � ,� . r� , � a aaa�vossa�c� at�eans 1S,.8Q Tra�le Center Ctr�ve,I?�nchc�Car�lavc�.�:R'�57dx p.9181535{2dd4 www:toit:com In addition,although it was not included in the list,we are providing information regarding the adequacy of ' the tree wells in the parking lot since that was a concern expressed by Chair Pruden. Attached is a memorandum from The HI.A Group, an experienced landseape arehitecture firm,to Kim]ardan. The memorandum was prepared in response ta concerns raised during the EIR process regarding the adequacy of the tree wells. As you will see,the memorandum sets forth recommendations that will ensure trees planted in the tree weils wiil thrive. Wal-Mart is willing to implement these recommendations,and will provide the informatian to its local landscape maintenance company, Sonoma Sweepers. We appreciate the input received by the Planning Commission and look forward to presenting the improved Project at the February 8, 2Q12 hearing. ' Sincerely, Stan iverson Attachments. cc: Deborah Herron,Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 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I� ."� �' \.� i' �� ; �\ ,-�'% �abr-' \ ; ....i� , . � �g .i \ ��. . � / ',r� �� �� ..��H .�� � � � � � \ `� � � % 4€�� \\ � 1 : •` � , �\ � ✓ ,e r' \ � � ...� s i �� � �.� \� �:....� �� � i�\r' . � ��.�� < \ i� -___ ,�������.. ° � ;� \ \�, ' �;-:� �,---_--�` l- ____-____--�_ ��� � �' ,,, `` ��1 ' _ ��� _ ' _ , �, _______ - __ �----,� �w�� � �� � — _- _��. _, — ��� --�__ u �,� y _ �..`��-- —=--�_ --- -- ----� „- m._,__ r � --( :a-----_-- _--=--���_ -- - - x- — —_ _ ` --� ( = � ==_-t-> _.,.�- - -- , _ � .r = -- -—�-�- � ii :..` is ..! z� ...4 ... .. � P .._�� � �� '. � � � - I i � � — � � From: Dan Baxter[mailto:dan@4mta.org] v J~ r� Sent: Wednesday, September 07, 2011 1Q:52 AM To: Kim Jordan Subject: Wal-Mart stop Hi Kim Here is the info, somewhat distilled. We looked at five days from July 5th through July 9`h including 211 trips (both directions).411 boarded and 409 gat off. Abaut 80%went tawards Wal-Mart. Total ridership for that period was 3111 so our Wa1-Mart stop accounted fior 26%of the ridership(Tues-Sat)for that route.Total ridership during the school year is probably a little higher. As we discussed, a stop on the north side west af the drive wouid probably be safest. The ADA requires 5x8 paci, not including the pad for the shelter, in order to deploy the lift. The sidewalk can be used for this a� Ic�ng as it is at leads 5ft deep. C1ur shelter needs a 10x12 pad in addition ta the normal sidew�Ckf pad. 1'd reeammend making the shelter pad wider than 12ft and having room for a outside bench and trash can. We'll move the shelter{or provide a new one).We could a[so provide an outside bench unless Wa1-Mart wanted to provide ane that matched their other autside ' furniture. I assume Wa1-Mart wauld install and rrraintain a trash can since it would nee�to be maintained several times ' a day and we only get by a couple af times a week, The roadway/curb needs to be sufficient ta support a �us,around 13 tons.A crosswalk between the twa centers is reaHy ' needed. Hope this is what you needed. Let me know there is anything else. Thanks [3a n Dan Baxter Transportation Manager - Mendocino Transit Authority 241 Plant Road Ukiah, CA 95482 707.234.6446 707.462.1760fax ' Circular 230 Notice: In accordance with Treasury Regulations we notify you that any tax advice given herein (or in any attachments) is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used by any taxpayer, for the ! purpose of{i) avoiding tax penalties or(ii)promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any ' transaction or matter addressed herein(or in any attachments). Attention: This message is sent by a law firm and may contain information that is privileged or confidential. If ' you received this transmission in error,please notify the sender by reply e-mail and delete the message and any ' attachments. , 2 1 - 1 � �ii►1�lC�1�E!#1�It�11 T�- ;� � ��. ��,������ , �� �� f � '' � D+asign Consideration� �� k � y� .i� �£ �q ` RS �� 4�'� t t t�` �c16 C�;�x �Y uk. . .... ?�� ,����� �� ' � � � ��� � � r� Saii for fr�filtration� � ������ ��, � �� ;���� � � �, �, ��� , '" � � �'� � ■ TributaryArea �� �. �� �� �� ������ ��: � �� � � � ��� � ���� � � ��;� � ■ Sl�pe� � 5, n ���°��� � �� � �.� � �. , �° ���� � �� ■ Aestheti�s � �°� � � ■ Environmental Side-effects �� �.,�� �, , ,: �� �: R' Sr''¢�'�Y�� �1,.:..�at � ������. xa'MS�'+�"" 'W � .a�kl ��'. ,,,ti �' �+eSCClp�1011 The l�ic�retentiou best management practice(BMP)functions as a Tar�eted Constituents soil ancl plant-based filtration device that remaves pollutant� t]arc�ugh a vau�iety af ghysical,biological,and chemical treatment � Sediment ■ processes. Thes�e facilities normally consist of a grass buffer C�'I Nutrients i strig,sand laed,ponding area,organic layer or mulch Iayer, [� Trash ■ plautin��oil,and plants. The runofPs velocity is reduced by Q Metais ■ gassing c�ver or through buffer strip ancl subsequently dist��ibuted C✓f Bacteria ■ evenly along�pc�ndi�g area. Exfiltration ofthe stored water in (� o;�and�rease ■ the laior�etention ar�a planting s�il into the underlying soils Q organics ■ occurs c�ver a peri�ad of days. �.egend(Remov��f�'ectivenessl ' C�Iifornia Experi+ence • Low ■ High None dc►cumented.�i€�retention has beezi used as-a stozmwater 1 Medium BM�"�inee��c�2. In�ddition ta Princ�George's County,MD and Alexandria,VA,bloretention has been used successfully at urb�n aud sub�rb�n areas in Mo�tgornery County,Mll;Baltiu�ore �ounty,MD;Che�terfield Cauuty,VA;Prince Williaiu CountY� i ' VA��I121�1�fl`17I1�e�lI1 Lc�kE'.Stc�t�PaTk,VA,aud Cary,NC. M J�dvantages ■ Bic�retentic�n provides stormwater treatmeut that enhaznces ' the quality t�f clowustream water bo�dies by tempor��ly storing zvnoff in the BMP ancl releasing it over a peri�d�f ! f�ur day�tr�the re�ceiving water(EPA,�999�� ' ■ The veget�tic�n provides sh�de and wind breaks,absorbs ' noise,and i�nprt�ves�n�rea's landsca�e. E.ime tions ' ■ The�ic�i��eutio�BM�is not r�commeudetl fr�r areas with slc�pes greater tha� 2o°so or where mature tree removal woul�l � ` � ' r:ALit�c�}IE�.'tr4 4tftt;M4Vs'aTt;12�� ��� . g.,xi.'s 3.4 f 5`�4',S6�i I�."t`Pe t,q� '. 7anuary 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook 1 t�f 8 New Development and Redevelopment www.cabmphan�lksovks.com ' 1 -- l �°' TC-3� i+or �e ti be required since elo�gin�may result,particularly if the BMP receives runc�ff wit��high seclime:�t loacis(EPA,r999)- ■ Biaretentiou is not a sttitable:BMP at lc�cations where the water t�l�le is within G feet+�f t�ie ground surface and where the surrt�uuding sc�il stratum is unstabl�. ■ By clesign;bioretentic�n BMPs have t�le potential tc�cr�ate very attractive h��it�ts far m�squitoes and ather vectors because of highly organic,often l�e��ily ve�;�tated�reas miYe� with sh�llow water. ■ In col�clirnates the sail may freeze,preventing runoff from infiltratiug into t�e planting soil, Design and<S�zing Guidel�nes ■ Tl�e biarete�tion area shaulcl be sized to captur�the design�torni runc�ff. ■ In areas where the native soil permeability i�Iess than o.�iuJhr an u�aderdrain s���uld be provided. ■ Recazzunencled miiumum dimensio��s are 1�feet by 4t�feet,althc�u�h the prefeirecl width is 2,�feet.F�cavated depth shauld be 4 feet. ■ Area should drain completely withi�72 haurs. ■ Ap�roximately 1 tree or shrub per;�o ft2 c�f�aioretentic�n area should be inclu�ed. ■ Gover area with about g itzches of mulch. Cat2siruction/Ittspeetion.C�ns%derutivns Bioretention area should not l�e established until coni�ibuting watershed is stal�ilized. ' Perfarmanee Siaretention rernoves stormwater goIlutants thrc�ugh physical atid bi�lc�gical prt�cesses, including aclsarptic�n,filtratic�n,plant uptake,inicrolaial activity,clecc�nlpositic�n,secliinentation a�d volatilization(EPA,1999). Adsorptio�is the�rocess whereby particulate g�llutants attach to soil(e.g.,clay)ar vegetatian surfaces. Adec�uate contact tin�e between the surface and pollutant must be provided for in fihe design of the system for t]us rem�val grc�cess to occur. ' Thus,th�inf'�ltratic�n rate af the soils must not exceed thc�se specifie+d in the design eriteria or pollutaut removal may deerease. Pollutants removed vy adsarption inclucle metals,�hc��ph�rus, ai�d hydre�carhons. Fii�ation occurs as runoff passes through t�ie bic�retentic�n area medi�,such as tl�e sancl�ied,ground caver,and pl�nting sail. ' Conimon�articulates removed froui stormwater include particul�te vrgani�inatter, ' phosphorus,and suspended solids. Biological�roces�es tll�t occur in wetlands result iu goIlutant uptake by plants and microorganissnls in the soii. Flant gro is sustau�ed by�e uptake of nufirients froln the soils,with woc�dy pl�ts lockuig up�hese uutrients tiliirrc�u�h the ' seascrns. Micrc�laial activity withirt the sc�il also ec�nti�ibutes to the remc�val t�f uitr�age�i.and. ! orgazlic matter. Nitragen is remc�v�d bY`nit�:�fyirtg a�ld deni ' � g b�eteria,w��e aerc�bic l�acteria a�te�~espansible for the decamp�sitic�n of the c�rganic mattera Microbi�l prc�cesses require o�gen and cax�result i�depleted o�gen levels if the bioretel�tian are�is�c�t��e+�uately 2 af 8 Galifornia Starmwtater BMP Handbo€�k January'2003 ' New Development and Redevelopment ' wwrw.cabm phand books.com l - � 5 1 �'E'"�1E'.ti'�1 T - aerated.Sediznentati�n occurs in the swale or po�iding area as the velocity slows and solids fall caut c�f suspension. The removal effec�iveuess c�f t�iorete�z�ic�n has laeen studied during field and la�ioratory studies ccr�clucted by the tTi�iversity of Mazyland(�avis et al,�g98). During these e�►erinlents, syt�thetic st+arn�water ru�c�ff was p�nped thrc�ugh sev�ral Iaboratoiy and field bioretention a�eas to simulate t�pical storm events in Prin�e G�c�rge's County,MD. Rernaval rates far heavy metals and�lutrients are shc�wu in Tahle r. Table l Laboratory and Estimated Bioretentean Davis et al. (1998); PGDER (1993) Pollutant Reu�oval Rate Tatal Fhosphorus �0-83% Metals�tfu,Zn,Pb) 93-98% TKi�t 68-80% Total Suspended Solids 90% , C3rganics 90% ' Bacteria 90% Results for both t�ae Iaboratory and field exgeriments were sunilar far each of the pollutants ' aualyzed. D�uUling or h�lving the u�fluent pollutant levels had little effect on the effluent pc�Ilutants cc�nce�trations(I��vis et a1,1998}. ' The micrc�bi�l activity aud plant uptake occurruig,in the l�ioretention area will likely result in ' higher rem�val rates th�those cleterniined f�r infiltratian BMPs. Siting Criteria ' 8ic�retention�MPs�re generally used to treat stormwater froin impervious sui�faces at ; cc�mmercial,residential,aud industrial areas(EPA,1�9c�). Implementation of bioretention fi�r ' storiuwater nzat�agem�nt is ideal for median strips,�arking lot islands,and swales. Morecrver, ' the runoff i�these areas cazi la�designed to either divert directly into the l�ioretentic�n area or canv�y intt�the bit�ret+�n�it�n area by a curb anci gutter call�ction system. The best ic�catic�n for 2�ioretention areas is upland from iulets that receive sheet flow frc�m graded ', areas and�t�reas that will be excavated(EPA,�999). In order to maximize treatment ' effectiven��s�the site n�u�t be gradeci in such a way that mini�s;uz�s erosive conditia�s as sheet ' flow is cc�nveyed to the treatment area. Locafiions where�bioretention area cau be readily ' incc�r�c�rated i�itc�tl�e�ite pl�n withaut fiarther enviroumental damage are preferred. ' F ernlore,tc�effe�tively minignize sediinent laading in the treatznent area,�iioretention c��Iy ! should be u�ed in stabilized dr�inage areas. �anuary 2f�03 Galifornia 5tormwater BMP Hanclbaok 3 of 8 New D�velapment and Retfevetopment www,cab mphan�7 baoks.eom ! - 7 � TC- � � r �enti Additional i�esign Guidelines The layout of the l�i�rete�fiia�n area is determined after site canstraints such�s locatic�u of utilities,underlying soils,e�sting vegetati�n,aud clrainage are considered CE�'�,�99�).�it�s with loamy sand soils are especially appro�ariate fQr bioreteution because t�ie excavated sc�il ca�� be back�lled ancl used as the plautin�sail,thus eiiminating the eost of imp� . g glanti��sc�il. The use of i�ioretention may uat be feasible given an ufistabl�surrounding sc�il stratum,soils with cl�y content greater tlian 2,�p�rcent,a site with slap�s greater t�an�o percent,anci f or� site with mat�ue lrees that would l�e remc�ved during cc�nstruction of the BMP. �ioret�ntion can b�e designed ta be off-line or on-line of the existiug drainage system(EPA, 1�99�.The clrai�iage area for a biaretention area should be l�etween o.i and t�.q hect�res(0.2� a�d�.o acres). Larger drainage areas inay require multiple bioretention areas. Further�nore, the uz�unum drainage area far a bioretentian area is determined by t2ae e�ected rainfall intensity and 1.utunoff rate. Stabilizecl are�s may erode wheai velocities are greater than�feet per second(r.�meter per second). The designer shoulc�determine t1�e potez�tial for erosive conditions at the site. The size of the bioretentian area,which is a fiinction of the drainage area and the runoff geueratecl froTn the area is sized to capture the water quality volume. The recommended miuimum dimeusions of fihe bioret�ntion area are 1�feet�q.G meters�wide lay 4a feet(12.�meters)long,where the minimum width allows enr�ugh space fc�r a dense, ' randvmly-ciistributec�area of trees and shrubs to become est�blished. Thus replicating a n�tural forest and creat�tig a micrcaclimate,therelay enabling the bioretention area ta tolerate the effeets of heat stress,acid rain,ruz�off pallutants,and insect and disease infestatit�ns which la�idscag�d areas in urban settings typically are unable to tolerate. The preferred wiclth is 25 feet{7.G meters),with�length of twice the width. Essentially,any facilities wider than�o feet(�i.�. meters)sliould be twice as long as tliey are wide,which promc�tes the disttribution of flow and decreases the chances af concentrated flow. ' In order to provide adequate storage and grevent water from standing for excessiue�eric�ds c�f time the pon�uzg depth�f the bioretention area should uot exceed 6 iuches{r,centimeters). Water should n�at be left to stand`far more than 72�iours. A resiriction on tlie tyype of plants tliat cau be used maybe necessazy due to same plants'water intaleraz�ce. Furtlzerznore,if water is left standia�g for 3onger than�2 hours mosquitoes and other insects may start to breed. The approgri�te planting soil should be back�lled into the excavat�d bioretentic�z�area. Pl�ntiug soils shc�ulcl i�e sancly loam,lo�my sand,or loau�te�iire with a clay conteut raugigag fronz�o to ' 2�per�ent. Generally tl�e sail should have inf'�lt�ation rates greater than o.�inches�r_2�centuneters)p�r hcaur,which�s typical of sandy loams,loamy sancis,c�r loa�. The pH af the soil shc�uld raz�ge between,.�and 6.�,where poIlutants such as organic�itrogen and phasphcrru�can be ad�c�rbed Ia�the soil�nd rnicrobial activity can flourish. Additional re�quirement$for tl�e�Iantin�sc�il include a 1.�to 3 pezcent orgazuc content and a inaximu�n�ot�Ppni concentration c�f�olulale s,�llts. ' 4 of 8 Galifarnia Starmwater BMP Handbook ]anuary�t}U3 New Development and Red�velopment www:eahmphandbooks,com ' t - � ? i re� nti�►r�� T - S+ail tests�hould.�e p�rf�rrruued f�rr every�+�a cubic Yar'ds(382 cubic u�eters}of planting soil; with the excep�i�n c�f pI3 an�organic cont�nt tests,which are required only once ger bic�ret�ntic�n area�EPA,��9��. P1�iting soil shc�uld be q iiiches{1o.r centimeters)cleeper than the b€�ttc�m of�e Iar�est r+�t ball and�}feet��.�met�rs)aitogether. This de�th will provide adequate�c«il fcrr the pl #�'ro�t sy�teu�s tv 1�ecome e�tablished,prevent plant damage due t�, severe wind,aiid�rc�vid�adequ�te�zzcristure capacity. Most sites will require excavation in arder tc�c�btain the reec,zumeuded depth. Planting sc�il dept�ls+�f great�r tha�4 feet(�.2 rueters)Ynay require additional construction practices such as sh�ri��meastu°es{EPA,1999�. Planting soil shauld be placecl in 18 inches ar greater lifts aud li�litly cc�mgacted until the ciesired d�pth is reached: Since high caii�py trees may l�e destr�ryed d ' g�ainteg�ance the biaretentiou area sliould be vegetated ta resenable a terrestt�ial f�rest cc�u�nunit�ecc�system that is dominated by understory trees. Three species eac�i of both trees and shrul�s�re recomineuded to be planted at a rate of 250o trees and shruUs ger hect�:re(�ot�t�per�cre). Fc�r instaiice,a Y�fc�ot(4.f ineter)by 4o foot{r�.2 metex) bioretention�rea(f t�c��quare feet c�r 55.75 s�quar�meters}would require 14 trees and-slu�ubs. The shi�zb-to-tree ratic�sh�uld be 2:�to 3:1. Trees and sl�.rubs should be glanted whe�cc�ndi�ions are favarable. Vegetation should be ' watered at the end of each;day for fourteen days fallo�g its planti�ig. Plant species tolerant of gollutant loac�s and v ' g wet and dry condifii�ns shauld be used in tlze l�ioretentioxl area. The designer should assess ae�thetics,site laytrut,and maintenance requirements when ' selecting plant species. Aclj�ceut iian-native invasive�pecies should be identified an.d the designer sliould t�ke nmeasures,such as prcaviding a soil breach to eliminat�the threat of�iese species invading the bic�r�te�ition area_ R��ional lancl:�caping znauuals shvuld be consulted to ' ensure that the plaz,ting vf tlie laioieteution area meets the landscapin�requirements estaUlished by the Iocal authorities. The designers should evaluate the best placemez�t of vegetatic►n wit�iin the bic�retentic�u�rea. Plants should be placed at irregular intervals to replicate a�atural fc�r�st. Trees should be placed on the perimeter of the az ea to provicle shade aud shelter frozn the ` d. Trees�nd shrubs can be sheltered from t�amagiug flows if they are placed away frc�m t�e path c�f the iucon�ing runaff. In cold climates,sgecies that are n�ore tolerant to cold winds,such as�;vergr�ens,shoulcl be placed in windier areas af t�ie site. Follerwii�g�lacetnent c�f tl�e��ees�nd�hrul��,the ground cover aud f or gnulch�hould be establisl�ed. Grc�und cover such as giasses or legutnes ean lae planteri at the la�gituung of t�ie growing seas�n. Mulc�x shc��ld be placed immediately�fter trees aud shrubs are glat}ted. Twr� to 3 inches(�tc��.6 cm)+�f co�uercially-availal�Ie fine shreddect hardwoc�d mulch or shr�dded harclwood ehips s�iould be agplied tc�tlie bioreteution area to protect frouz erc�sion, Maentenance The primary maiuten�nce�equireu�ent fc�r bi�retention areas is that of inspectiau and repair crr ' replaceinent c�f th�trea e�t�rea's coznpc�neuts. Generally,this involves nothing more th�n th+e ' routine�aeriodic�nai�te�ance that is requi�e��f any lat�dscaped area. Plants that are ' apprc��riate fcrr the site,clinlatic,and waterrirtg cr�nditic�ns shoulcl be selected for use in the ' bic�retention cell- A�Fropriately selected�lants will aide in redu�cing f+ertilizer,�esticide,water, au�.over�ll maintenanc�reguiremer�ts. Bioretention systeul comg�nents shouid blend over ' time t�uc�ugh pla�t�nd re�c�t gr� ,carganic decompc�sition,and tll�development of a natural lanuary 2t3f�3 Galifr�mia Stcarmwater BMP Handboak 5 of 8 N�w Development and Re�ievelopment wrwrwr.cabmphandhatrks.com ' �`� �� T — � C������ sc�il harizon: These biologic and ghysical grocesses c�ver time will lengthen the facility's life span and reduce the need far extensive maintenance. Rc�utine maintenance;shauld inelucie a biasuival he�lth eualuation of t17e trees anci sl�rubs and subseque�t remc�val of any dead ar diseased veget�tian(EPA,i�99). Diseased vegetatit�n shauld be treated as�eedecl using preventative and l�rw-toxic m�asur�s to the extent pc��sil�le, �MPs have the poten�ial ta create very attractive habitats fc�r iue��quitoes and other vect�rs becaus�of hi�hly�rganic,ofte�heavily vegetated areas u�ed with shallow water. Rt�utine inspections for areas c�f stauding water withi�the BMP anc�carrective measures tcr restc�re proper i�i�iltration rates are necessaiy to prevent creating znosquito ancl other vector hat�itat. I�� ' addition,bioretention BMPs are susceptible to i�vasion by aggressive plant speci�s such�s ' cattails,which iucrease the chances of water standing and subse�uent vect�r praductic��a if nat routinely maintained. In arder ta maintain the treatment uea's appearance it�ay be uecessary to prune and weed, ' Furthermore,znulch replacement is suggested when erosic�n is evident or when t�re site begiz�tt� ' Iook unattractive. S�ecifically,the entire area may require mulch replaceineut every two to three years,aII thc�ugll spot mulching may lae sufficient when t�iere are random void areas. Mul�eh ' replacemerit sl�ould b�done prior to the start af the wet seasou. ; New Jersey"s Deparrtuiezlt c�f Envirann�ental Protectian states in their bioretention systeins standards that accumulated sediment and debris removal(especially at the inflow p�int)will �ormally be the primary maultenance function. Qther�oteaatial tasks inclucle replaceznent of dead vegetation,sail pH regulation,erosion repair at inflow points,mulch repleni�lunea�t, uncic�gging t�ge uuderdrain,and repairing overflow structures. There is also the passibility th�t the cation exchange capacity of the soils i�i the cell will be significantly reduced over time. ' Dependii7g on poIlutant lc�ads,soils may need to be repl�ced within,5-10 years of cc�iistruction (LII},2000). ' Co�t ' Ca►nstrttctiorr+�`o�t Constr�uetic�ii cost estimates for a bioretentian area are slightly greater thau those;for tlie reqtured landscaping far a new develogment{EFA,1999}� A general rule of thtun�i(C�fFui�n, i9�9)is that resideufiial bioretention areas average about$3 to$4 per square fc�t,clepeuding t�a� sc�ii coziditi�ns and the density and types c�f plants used. Commercial,inciustrial and institutional site casts can range l�etween$lo to$4o per square foot,based on the need fr�r cc�ntral structures,curbiug,stor�z drains and underdrains. Retrofitting a site ty�ir.ally casts inore,�veraging$6,50o per}�ioretenfiian�rea. Z"�le higher costs are ath.7buted tQ the demolition of existuig cancrete,asphalt,and existing,structures and the replaceme�rt Of fll inatez�ial with glanting sail. The costs of retrofitti�xg a commercial site in Maryland,I�ettering Development,with i,bioretention areas wer�estimated at$1��,lt�v: ' In any biarete�itic�n�rea design,tbe cost of plants varies substa�tially a�d cau�ecount fc�r a ' siguific�nt p�rticrzz c�f the e�enclitur�s. While these cost estimates are slightly greater thaz� thc�se af typical landsca�ing treatme;it(due ta the increased nun�ber af plai�tings,additi+�n�l soil excavation,l�a�k�ili�naterial,use c�f ulidercl�ains etc.),those Iandscaging expenses that would be required reg�rrdless c�f the bioretentian installation should be su�itracted wheu detex�ni�ung the net cvst. ' 6 af 8 California Sformwater BMP Hanclbook )anuary 20t13 New Development anci Redevelopment www.�at�mphandF�oaks.com ' 1 - i � It�1'�t� '�1 1'1 �' - � Ferhags of mc�st impc�rtance,hc�wev�r,the cost savings compared tc�the use af traclitional structural storzuwater c€�nveya�ce system�mak�s bie�retentioz�areas c�uite attr�ctive financiai3y. F�r ex�npie,the use c�f laic�ret��atic�n ca�d�cre�se the cQSt required for constructing starmwater cc►nveyance sy�ten�at a site. A inedical+affice building iu Marylaud was a�ale ta reduc�the amc�unt r�f storm dr�in gipe th�t was needed frorn 8t�o ta 23o feet-a cost savings of$2q.,t�o+� (PGDE;R,i+�93). And a new residen�ial develc�pment spent a tt�tal of ap�ro�nately$1t�t�,c�ot� using bic�retention c+ells on e��h l�t in�tead of ne�rrly$�.00,c�oc�fc�r the traclitioual starmwater ponds that were�riginally pla�ned(Rapgah c�ck,}. A1sc�,fn residential areas,stormwater management contr�ls b�com�a part of each property c�wner's lands�ape,reducing the�ublic burden to maintain Iar��centralized fa�ilities. IVlainterr�ance Cos� The operation and maintenauce costs for a bi�retentiou facility will be comparable ta thc��e�af typical landscapin�required fc�r a site. Costs la�yond the norznal lanciscapiug fees will iuclucle the cost for testing the sc�ils and may include�c�sts for a sand l�ed and pl�iting�oil. References and �aurces of Additional Informatian ' Cc�ffinan,L.S.,R.G�c�and R.Frederick,i999=Law impact developznent:an innavative ' alternative apgroach tc�stc�rmwater nianageinent.Froceedings of the 26th Annual Water ' ltesources Plannizzg and Mana�;elneiat�onference ASCE,Ju�e 6-9,fiempe,Arizona. I)avis,A,P.,Shokouhian,lVl.,�laarma,H.ancl Min�tni,C., "Laboratory Study of Biological Retention(Bioretentiou)for LTrban Starmwater Manageiuent,°' Wc�ter Envirorz.Res.,�g(1),�-�q ��oor�. Davis,A.P.,Shok�uhia�,M.,Sh�r�a,H.,Minami,C.,and Winogracloff,D."Water Quality Improvement t�u ough Bi�rete�tioza:Lead,Ccrpper,atid Zinc," Wc�ter Environ.Res.,accepted for ' publication,August 2oa�. I�im,H.,Seagren,E.A.,a�d I7�vis,A.P.,"Engineered Biaretention far Remaval of Nitrate frcrm ' �tormwater Runc�ff,"��I'EC�oot�Cv�rferertce Proceedings o�t CDROMResearch ' Symposiu�n,Nitrogen Retrtv�aI,Sessi�n ig,Auaheim CA,�ctober 2t�oo. �Isieh,C:-h.ai�d Davis,A.P."En�in�ering Bit�retention for Treatment of Urban Storuzwater Ru�off," Waterstzeds 2c�c�,�,Prcr+��edings vn CL�RC?11I1Zesearc�Symposium,,Session i,,Ft. I.a�derdale,FL,Feb.2+�c��. Priuuce Gec�rge's County D�ep eait c�f Euvireanmental Resources(PGDER),i9c�3. Desig� Mai�ual for Use of B`iQrete�tic�n in Str�rrrzwczter Nlcznagernent. Division of Enviranmental M�nagernent,Watershetl Protecti�n Bran�h. dc�ver,MD. ' U.S.EPA Office c�f Water,��9}. Stormwater Technology Fact Sheet:Bic�reteutian.EPA 8�,2-F- ' 99-or�. Weinstein,N.Davis,Ai'.and Veer achaneni,R"Lc�w In�gact Development(LID)Starmw�ter M�z'agement A��rr�ach fc�r�he��ntrol�f ' ise P+�llution fr�m Ur�ian Roadways,"�tlz ' Internationat Cc�nfererzce Ltt;j fu�ef Nt�rzpc�artt P'crllution artd Wcrtershed Managentent ' Pr+�ceedings,C.S.Melc ' �a��d Einre AIp,Eds.�c�o1 International Water Association 7anuary 2003 Catifomia Stormw�ter BMR Hantlb�ak 7 of 8 New C►evelc�pment and Redevelopment www.cabmphandk�ooks.cam ' � -- �- � T � ��r ������ CURBSTOPS � �� � � � c�a�r �u��r+o-u�miru+���+��uw+r www o�w�rwwsr�rw�wu+�wouw� �W° u��s � , , u wa�w+�w+r�u�uwa��au�wua�rw� u��•W+rv�uY?c?rws�u��rw�rw GRASSFlLTER wi��.+Y��W'd�GaNW+YU'aYi'iL+YW:�k�Ywu�ww�iY�G4sY'L+Y�Wfk�bySFW7k+asr+k�w�v��+Y . STR1P ��. 4�FW'ti+k'di`+'fW-WY6�Y��k�?Y'riWy�i°Y� '4+h�Y4Y�iF$i4k•+YiP�bt�+fW+P�iYis �. 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" � �� ..�,:� � �., ^ n. � >,;, �,,;,e�' ...v ' . � a.��: ,.,., .. ,. .,p..,., .,,.... �,U �a,y r�ff. w,,.. .. .s � � � ��D � � , �,.� . � , � v., fi ����z;� � eN � , , s - �.�,��Ew . � ,� ,,�... � •�� �� , N.,.,w ,��;. .,.. ' � ��. � � ,t: �`�'"" �k.,. ��� ���� � _� ,t_. .:.,z? �a; � ! �..:: .: ��' � �� ��.�, �� �t� � � _ , > � . �� ... . 7, �. , � � — ,� ,. � �_. _,� , �, �., �� �;��� �� a������ t, y� , f >� ,.. � � � �'���,4� 2 ( - 2Z (ntroduCtion waters such as streams,reservoirs,and lakes—our drinking water.This runoff also harms vegetation and wildlife with Nistory of Porous Paving increased water volumes,velocities,and higher temperatures. Pebbles,cobblestones,and wood decking structures have been The Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 systems protect against this used since the dawn of civilization to reinforce where we walk �(angerous runoff by processing and cleaning the water,thus and the roads we use.Little did we realize that these methods safeguarding the natural water cycle. had benefits over the modern trends of sealing up the ground with asphalt and concrete.Porous,permeable or pervious State of the Earth paving—whatever you prefer—became a method for addressing Invisible Structures,Inc.has developed an entire line of products stormwater issues in the early 20th century.Concrete turfblock to address stormwater and environmental concerns.Rainstore3, for grass paving began in the mid-1940s Slopetame2,Draincore2,and Beachrings2 and piastic versions were invented in the can work in addition to,or in conjunction late'70s and early'80s.Great advance- with,Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez to ments have occurred 'rn pervious concrete, , provide your site,home,or office with pervious asphalt,and other permeable sur- stormwater and environmental enhance- ', faces.We introduced Grasspave2 in 1982, '�' ' ments.Our products can store and collect ' improving upon these earlier concepts.In �` rain,provide erosion and sediment control, ' 1993,Gravelpavez was unveiled,the only efficiently convey and deliver water,and product specifically developed for gravel � protect natural areas. � � porous paving.Fast forward to this millen- � nium,and Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez are �, ' t � Advanced Technology ,� considered by most,the finest porous � ��`�`"� � The Grasspave2 and Gravelpave2 systems pavers developed. GrasspavezlargeroUsandGravelpavezlargerolls are based on a simple,but imgressive (notshown)instat/quicklyandconformtothecontours teChnology—a Series of rings (Cylinders) In�itration connected on a flexible grid system.The oftheground. Porous paving allows rainwater to percolate cylinders are engineered to withstand through the pavement's surface and back into the ground significant structural loads and the grid provides stability, (infiltrating),where the water is cleaned and returned to ground flexibility,and continuity for large areas.The grid system aiso ' water supplies.Porous paving improves upon impermeable sur- has the unique ability to be roiled up for easy shipping, faces,such as concrete or asphalt,which do not allow for this handling and installation. natural filtration.Rain collects airborne and surface pollutants Th'rs engineered design allows for any street-legal vehicle ' such as sediment,brake dust,chemicals,vehicle exhaust,oii, (and sometimes larger)to park or drive on our Grasspave2 or salts,fertilizers,bacteria,and animal waste.On irnpermeable Gravelpave2 surfaces.The point load pressure is transferred surfaces the polluted rainwater runoff(non-point source pollu- from the top of the ring,through the fill material and cylinders, tion) 'rs collected,concentrated,and discharged to downstream to the engineered base course. . , � � � � �, ,. s � ;�, � �� ,�, �. � , . � � , a � �� � �� ,.s� � �� � .,:�. , p,.� „ k �'; ���14. � �'�, ' xx � ' .��_ .�ry �l � fn a •�P � .. {} } i m . � � j �� . � ` ,t , � � . � ,. +i { � q -.. . � ` �4�f :� � � �.� �� C e �� * � �' � � � "' � y pr' d.t� �`� . .�` • .kp4" ;;t W . �%'Pz� "tv` ��t �B�`'� }�qrvur�m ��„ p ��;W ��3 ��.� �� �' 4 `??4� '�' .. �a}� .Xi�F'+" P � '�'�'a,�.p�,ri� �[' �n iv4i�*� �. . �i.. � � . 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I� ', .� I II I I ��::�I . � v I , ,' ''`t m � :c, . �. .�, . . � , . ,.... .,; � '. ..» ., '� �".. � ',,,. ._. �Yy� �n���l ... -,� f o � �: . r `�'� �I�ff '�� � i �r''2 l�i �4tk�li��'�lil�l �� i �� � � � � a �� � � ili �'� � +" "' s' � '�� ,< ���� i .� � `� 6� ��'1 � #e ��� � " r"z �'��� ��� � � . b, �. , ���7 �'�� � � �� e.,,. ._-" t� �� .� � � �, r � ��ti. , � �._�� ., v,. . � , � �. , ,, :� : �� ,��t .` ,. � '`�� ��x;�. . . �# *�N �fi� � w p��.�� k^,. .���,,_ ' , . . , ,§:.�,�...�...:. : . 4 , �- Z �° The ring and grid structure is 92 percent void s�ace allowing for under�all conditions.It's also a good desigri practice to strengthen the healthiest root zone for grass(in GrasspaveZ} and mnre deco- concrete sidewalks and curbing that will be mounted by fire trucks. rative gravel (in Gravelpave2) for some of the most attractive CSI 3212 43 Flexible Porous Pavers paved surfaces around.Less plastic means more natural looking In 1997 The Construction Specifiers Institute(CSI) came out surfaces.This technology also makes for better runoff coefficients With a generalized listing(02795) for a11 porous paving products. and better percolation rates. However,since performance and application is varied even in the 120 psi Maximum on Public Highwaysi porous paving industry,the 2004 CSI MasterFormatT"' has adopt- Even empty,Grasspavez and ed a new number 3212 43 Flexible Gravelpave2 will support 2,100 psi Porovs Paving,to recognize that (14,470 kPa)—we11 over the 120 psi Grasspavez and Gravelpavez are highest truck tire pressure allowed in a class by themseives. on public highways.This is a safety Best Mana ement Practice factor of 17 times.When Grasspavez Porous paving is recognized as a is filied with sand for part of the root Best Management Practice (BMP) zone medium,the strength increases by the Environmental Protection to 5,700 psi(39,273 kPa).The safety Agency,the Center for Watershed factor increases from 17 to 47 times. - ° ` Protection,the U;S.Army Corp of The heavier a vehicle�,the more axles ��" � �"`�' ��� ' '� �� and tires it needs to support the load � ,��° �` Engineers,and countless other feder- Z �e���,�' �,�,� ,° al,state,regional and local authori- being carried.Grasspave and ��A��p�, ,� �, GravelpaveZ will meet and exceed ��� "� ' �'t�� � ties.In addition,Grasspave�and � 5 � �`� ��`'� �'° Gravelpave�are often mentioned d�7 108CI1ll CT1t2Tlfl. � 4 �„ a���"'�+.m�i� ����' 'v `'�'� � �� t����,�"�.,��,��� �� y , `�}t�"�, � by name,as the product of choice Vehicle loading Examples. '`�b�������`��` for many of these agencies. Auto tires;40 psi � ���_-�� ��' '�� Truck tires: 110 psi ' DG10 tires:250 psi Applications F-16 tires:350 si TheUniversityofSouthAtabama,MobileusedGraveipavezinparkingaisles p and Grasspauc�in the spaces: Stormwater Management Fire truck with outriggers:78psi The Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez (An 85,000 lb.truck distributed to systems can easily handle storm four outrigger pads is equal to 21,25Q lbs:for each outrigger pad water from an intense storm dropping three inches of rain in less with IZ'x IS'surface contact with Grasspave2.) than thirty minutes!In one square meter(40" X 40") there are All these vehicles are well within our 5,700 psi loading capability. �44 rings,two inches in diameter by one inch high.W'rth one inch With a sturdy base course design,our rings wi11 easily perform of fill in the rings and a standard road base of sandy gravel six ,�.,� ��� � �� __ ��_ h�,,, , � ... � ... � _.� ,, � _, -, ., , �� . � �� � . � -; �����y� � K �,���� � i _ . � ... � � � I���,'���,���� � ���� � � ���' ��i 4 � � �� . � � ��-5� �- �°���� , � `_.. „ vt �� s '� '���^ ��� � , � �� w� ��a z ��� e, ,�... � ��1 t � �� � �� � � � ... .w ,, m_ e. ,�.: , ,. ..tr�.i �, , .. � �t`'� Bowditch Point Regiona?Park,Fort Myers Beach,florida—GraveipaveZ parking bays blend in with the natural surround+ngs: ' A f 4 d S -0 . t '! �� s.� er � a� sa e Eaa a• � ,� � � � � Y ,; ,,' :�,� ��a4�� `�,� �'�� `� ���i��„�`��' '�,'�.4 ��� �F�'�'�R 1 1 . . �, . ;�����L�� �< � �� �� � �4� e���� � �,�j� t . e �',, t bti F ti,��''."4. �kt�it�i ���`;,�1` �,.�v k �,,'�i�h s t � 3 t�2r �.t�k j'�t�w; ss i ���� � � ����3��� � ���`�x��'�,t����������,�„z`y� � � :' s i�.� a� §�' ���y'"�'z �,�},;y'����-��'�a �"7����e�a��.A,���..��' . . . ,,,..`: ,� ,`'' .,` r �, ;�t4� t� �t�'�,s'^.t��,��s-,,``s �., , ,. . . 2��,�z � �r t � X Z 1 y � ���'t �) 4 `��''� "�y�`'���� `�. `� '" `� .: � ' v'.,� t i l 1 1¥ `�' �3"tjt��?.,��iy`�`:'���Yl�'y.�� \ t? , ( � 4 x � � � � a �y, � � �4 k' s i . r �'v � ,s� e� , �� n.c3�s,�4t s�..��`�5��,��'�i� :i�.�c'� �. :i �` '� i a�.';� �" �-�'��`��`t'�::��`'`; zY'`�s�,t�'.�3."�`,"�. j k"� t i. ': , ' ," ,. ,a< �n ,�?� rt������a�'p;��3� � i�; t�ti �t, 4 ;;. , �.;:,; � ° �` � " � .,„ ,_ , : rt `� �i�t�S����y�i�`�k�l���i�����s � :;��, �," ��� 'r � � � �?��` � �''`�; � �2��� ?���'��^ �t3`�� �� �� ,«;i �t , � �,�,�� ,,z,z �v,� r�;;;������.,.,.,t����;�;`�2'�tSti �� "��, _ . �'�;.�' .: ��, . ,.:�i_., ,.�* °.�.-,..'�,�,. � 3.,. � �+a��,�r,���r 3�z�������z�`�.�e�� .'� `E,�.,. .... ��..,,. �: � � '� � ��;, ., °+,3�4S R�n�� ?�, �, �,.,, � �'�ii e,, w.,e c ,b ,0.. .,...�, _.... ro. , ��.,�:... , s... ,ar.. a ,. �-` 3`„: . ,,,. ' _ .e .,� . ........ ' y� . 4� aH,Y:: ,� : : 9 ,.., t.� dL4e • �y� 7 ' � '�� 4s � t ,� X C e' s�3 v . �' t ;.' ka�� � ,. � ,5< <, ., . �.� _, „ �. ,.. ,x .,. ,�� s ,.i.. '�, ° � � t�� ��.,�a�� �� �,� �� �� r i � ..w�:... m., ..F � � k� , ��,. �.��z ` �, ,;�$, ��, � �,� - ��'�;: u � � }� ti� �„ ��s� ;; � ���� r � `��'�°� � � �„�h ������� � ���� .�} ; ���t�� �� � �, ���� � ��4 ��. � �. ���" i �, 6 1 - 2..-� inches thick,our porous systems will percolate approximately Pedestrian,Horse Trails and Bicycle Paths 'h inch of rain per hour!A seven-inch section can store 2.4 inches Garden paths,greenhouse aisles,s'rdewalks,park paths,and of water(about 20 percent void after compaction).Alternatively, wilderness trails paved with Grasspavez/Gravelpave2 provide hard surfaces„such as asphalt and concrete,shed 95 percent of a stable surface for strollers,bicycies,wheelchairs,and horses. storm water. There are no puddles or mud and traction is very good.Tree Aesthetics roots break up hard surface sidewalks,but our mats flex to As a designer,engineer,contractor,or homeowner,you can be sure accommodate such shifts and gradient changes.Plus,with the high proportion of air,xoots are discouraged from moving upward. Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 can deliver a more beautiful surface Mountain bikers will not be able to tear up paths reinforced with and add a unique look to a site.Grass simply looks better than Grasspavez/GravelpaveZ. asphalt and decorative gravel has been used for centuries in Our products can resist ' landscaping.Space constraints can be dealt with by combining the destructive forces of the beauty of grass or gravel with the utility of paving. mountain bikes,allowing Trees and other vegetation not only survive,they thrive with your trails to be reopened Grasspavez and Gravelpavez.Porous paving has the ability to to bikes. � deliver water,oxygen and carbon dioxide through the cross seo- Fire lanes tion—all essential to root survival.Concrete and asphalt suffo- By far,the most common cate and starve the raot zones of water and air.With Grasspave2 2 ' `�~� �v�� application for Grasspave and and Gravelpave2,you can now design in as.many irees and plants �ravelpavez installatiflns is for � � _ as your site will aliow.Grasspave2 and GravelpaveZ prevent com- fire lanes.Our long and established w � paction while allowing for ample amounts of water and air.Cars history of providing safe,well- can then drive and park below tree canopies.Saving exist'rng, constructed fire lanes began in � mature trees is also possible with our products—our structures 19$2 with our first installa- � can come within inches of the mature tree trunk without damage. tion in Snowmass,Golorado, � Our mats have the ability to flex with the tree root growth that near Aspen Ski Resort. would otherwise damage and crack hard surfaces. Since then,we have firmly � Environmental Benefits established credibility for ��� ' ��� 3�� Grasspavez and GravelpaveZ not only protect the environment, this application.Tests have they enhance it.All of our products are made from 100 percent been conducted by several recycled plastic—plastic that goes into improving the environ- fire departments in Aurora, � ; ment and not into a landfill.Thraugh bioremediation,porous Colorado and Irvine, pavers have the ability to clean pollutants(heavy metals,96-99 California.Nearly every percent;suspended solids,95 percent;phosphorous,65 percent; major U.S.metropolitan nitrogen,82 percent,hydrocarbons,up to 100 percent) out of area has accepted and used stormwater.Our products also reduce erosion and soil migration, Grasspavez in a fire reduce site disturbance,and contribute to airborne dust capture lane.You will most and retention. likely find a. a fire lane � F Cooling the atmosphere and reducing the"urban heat island installation '� i effect"(cities being up to 10 degrees hotter than undeveloped rn your ��` � I� �� � ,; l an d) a r e a d d e d b e n e f i t s o f G r a s s p a v e2 an d Gr av el p a v ez.Both area. �` �, � � products can mitigate these increased temperatures.In addition, GrasspaveZ promotes the conversion of carbon dioxide (green- house gas) into oxygen and has an"air-conditioning effect." Driveways ° � �� � Environmental,economic,and aesthetic enhancements are ' _�� dt�awing homeowners and designers to use GrasspaveZ and ���`,�� ' ������°����,` Gravelpave�in driveways.Most residential driveways are good �_;��� � ���������� candidates for our porous duo because of the reduced speed and =�'�� ������ `°'` �' �°`� limited frequency of traffic.Our products can add beauty to ��' �v ����� , residential and commercial driveways. , ,�� ��,,�� Parking Lots � '����� � �� Parking for churches and synagogues,stadiums,arenas,and ' overflow at shopping centers,campuses,parks and more are ideal for Grasspave2 and Gravelpave2.These sites generaily support large numbers of vehicles but only on periodic basis. ! Stormwater management and green space can be combined with parking,reducing maintenance,real estate,and development costs.A great design idea is cambining durable Gravelpavez ` " $ ' ' ' `° �} " " ', � ° ' �° � . .@s �:8 � �� 88 rft' 9 9 J d. J drive aisles with attractive Grasspavez parking bays. d ar^ c e �e i t aa� e .aa° a��m � . �A� ,� r�e.e°s. a t�e e e,a ��'. Apartment compiex,Goncordville,Pevnsylvania�--5everal overRow�ravelpave? x�r=� parking lotsencnmpass the rnajarityofCheperimet�rarea vn the westarrd�ouChsitles ofthe pr�perty.Grasspav�(notshown)is instatledonsiCe in twograss fire tanes. ¢ ;l,': t §.. �` 4 � . . � . .. � { �. � � � . . : ��K . , b • t 4 C , • � . ''� � � _ � 4 § ���r,� �`4 y � . U�i g I�+�� 7 f � ,,��,w. '.,. ,. � ,�, � �' q ��� ,� . .r5�`�� d �0. .�'� p� M1* �$. 4 �� � �?� �� . .� . a.�,� � ��„ �e s � �. 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'� � r� E .t�+�, xC .5��"�°" � .. ria ��. � C�°�t ^�+ �+'� ,: � � m �-=¢�"� ��.�; � � a '" '-a: � ' ��,��re� x^�;�5 �� �.; �; � ��„��� � �� „ .� � ;�� �,`��a �a�� � � a ���� � � f ; ,9 e .t`" ��r m � �°-- � ,r � � �� �. e � ��.��a 'a�„�d .. �' ��'�"�t���.^e^�«� . � �",�� ��s� �:'`��s�' � � ��� r�� `�` "'�+ m ..�� �r G " ��,�+�"� a��. � �t � 5 a,9..,. tc r � � ,�s�' at�z ,�"a^�u f�'�` R ^ � ., , `� a � � _ � ,�x '' � z� � t� `!^� ��,,. ^�'�� �. ��,� �� w; � . �.. � "`��' '� ���'�'� � � °� ���' A.� � �;x�. s :o� � ,W�`+:�a �' i�,�x �� � �`��'� ' ,�" �,*�'�a�.w„� ��"r` �,�� ��"� ��;� t � � F {�� 6 .� 5 2' ti §Mx "� ��m'� . �F� �" .&a � $'w' � � '�` T� , �d r a � . ,� �ca - � �� °�� �+� �.�, « �s ��"� a-�s s "� � Y��€� "� �,. � � :�' `� '�a. � . � '� s � �T•� `�z' ��:a v�a . ���.d'�� `,G.� ,� �i� �`��y'�+xsa �r ��i � ¢�� �Y����� ���� i°�� :��a� � a,�� �*.� �, �. � Fa� �^` � � tt"� a =�`� n '�` ;� , ��,„. �. � � •� �" �;� "za� � .4a � t�,,� � �a' �„ � `" ; � ` �* ^�t���� G '.� "� . t� �"�`�?: '.��y.' ,�"4"c�.7 k��:Y"`m��'z�` xs 4� "� E ��`.� ,� +P �ge � s� • r "�" ��� � ,�'^ '§ � ;. �'# g ���i � s �a � . � r �� �, ,� ""�es R ��e �"� °�����§^ �v,` �'��: ��ro� x� � �`��, �� � �}� � �''��'� ��''�� '��°�" � a,� «� ,�� ,,.��' ,� �"z� �, � , d ,� �,��`�, �w�.y �'"* `Y�� �. 3� � � s �s.��� � ���'�s��'��rc, `� , � �,� �,�. �� 4'�.�,a�"� ,� , : � , '� , a, ... .;- �.s: a .„.,� ,. ,:. ,�; . ,�M. ;�"' ��.a . � ��°4 <, t.�•� � ,�ei�° . _. ..�, , � ��„ta. �� c r� ° e$, H.'� � ,��n�: �..".; ,, r•..' ...'k*��� � t 8 � � z� Grasspave2 Installation Mats can be rolled out in minutesi _ 600 m2 (6,000 s�per two-person hour! For steps shown below-100 m2(1,080 sfl per two-person houri „ ;� � �� � � � 1 � ��Ft� � ��� I p ��i� � . � � ��� � � ��: ,. .,�, PI P'. � yu � ii �;�� � � � ��t�� ������{� ��'� � :�� �.. ��i � �t r�s '�"d . i' `:., "� ��II � , �,�a«, v�,+�.� � � � �.,w d.. p. Placeandcompactsandandgraveltiasecourse: ApplyHydrogrowmixture: RoltoutGrasspav . � ��i������� �,��� ��� ����.:��r;... ''�" ��.�:� �;i� � ��• �� �i �ii � �r ,�.. '�� � � ��I I i Ii��..� ��� ��t, ��� � � YiP ,r`4� Nt.. �. ��� �. t�i'+ �y„�: � � � �II h°�I � yrY, ���`'' Aill, � !P,i v „.., a� ,. � .. Fillringswithcleansharpconcretesanrl Hytlroseedarlaysod. Rollsodwithheavyroller. , ,� � ;. �..� , � . � � �s � � , � a�� ���;> �. '", 0 y� 'I9f4,��� � II� ...,,� ..,, � �I �(Y r' �1,ij"'46 ` � .'. ,.' . .. 4 Y � r Y iii � � � ��,� ���,, , , ;�.�� '�� � � , �� ,. . v � s i� � �� � ° k��4 � ��yu.., � ',: ';y�. �.,�:? i I +' .,, � �, ,� ,:�,• �6�� : E ;+ � k� � � �� z}� ', ��r i� � . „. �,...v ., r� _�.. .. .,. ,ya ,! 4 , � ' 'd Yi `};, . "p'Y� � qy.. ., ,. . .E` 1��. .., e �b.m �� '�' ` ��` � ,��` ,,,., ���� �� ' � �.; ; E a� �� t��� y.?� • �� ,. �� "�{ii�� all . ��r :�� ��.� � . "4��� ��' � �i1 . . , 4;tN,�"�'' �� j ..' '' ...� Ready for use after two mowing cyc�es: Use a reguiar lawn mowerformaintenance. �,� iNt'� I p I �4i5�� 7�`` r+'4 Donotaerate! � ��� � i ���q i� �' � �j�la��+� �`���, r. , �� � i � ' ' �� �. � 4 � y 't t��� �� � The6rasspave�parouspavementsystem is camprised ofa sandygravei base course, Hydrogrowpolymer-iertilizermixiure,the 6rasspavc�ringandgridstructure, sharp concrete sand,and grass seed or sod. F`" � � 1 — z-� s Grasspave2lnstallatian Procedures Roll out Grasspave2,aligning the side hole fasteners over the This installation section is only intended as an overuiew.Please side pegs.The warmth of the sun will relax the plastic so it lays review our Grasspavez Technical Specr"fications(available at �at.Cut the grid between rings using pruning shears.Incorporate the cut pieces in other areas,as needed,keeping the distance www.invisiblestructures.com or ca11800-233-1510J for between the rings uniform. comprehensive installatron instructions. Fill rings with clean sharp concrete sand(AASHTO M6 or ASTM Excavate a space for the base course as determined by site soils C-33)using large rakes and brooms so that the tops of the rings and loading requirements.Place and compact sandygravel which showwhen done. should be a mixture of clean sharp sand and gravel varying in size but not exceeding 3�4 of an inch.To check porosity,use a hose to see Lay turf over the rings.On warm days,wet the sand first to lower that water flows into the base and drains away.Add subsurface sand temperature and provide mo'rsture for grass roots.Seeding drainage as necessary to low spots or locations with poor draining and hydromulching is also an accepted vegetating method at this soils.Instali irrigation lines and sprinkler heads if necessary. stage.Repeated hydromulching/seeding may be necessary. Apply the Hydrogrow mixture that is included Roll sod with heavy roller to eliminate air pockets and make free with your order.Hydrogrow is a mix- sure roots are in contact with the sand fill.Water lawn as usual ture of polymer and fertilizer according to climatic requirements. 4 designed especially for our Whether the area has been seeded or sodded,wait to drive on � °, Grasspave2 system. grass until two mowings have been completed,by which time � the root system will be established and the sod pieces locked ', into place.In an emergency such as the need for fire truck ' ��c access,grass may be driven on immediately after installation. Use a regular lawn mower for maintenance.There should be no paver parts protruding through the surface that would y' damage mowers.Do not aerate! , _ u rv.-� -#,. � _� P{r §�n' ��.y : .. �'° � �, ,. . : ; + . �n �y N, �,.:.� . ? �..��� ��. a.� „.; „ � • , , c .; � � � . . 4 z �� „� _� �� � � �m ,vA� , � ',��> � � _ � ,�` � ,�� � � ��r� �, t 4 ^ . ., ^ � :t$ • . ,• � . .. ,, a � ..�. . . � . � .. ���. . �.. � .,. a._ r � . ..� t.. � � ` � �.. . . ..a. . §_ ... �.�. -. ..i ��. • . .. 3 � , o- . , , ' ��a: > a �� .,�. .: .� � . .. $, i .. . ' .x .. °'" ��' . .q,, .., a. '�.. , .x �� ^i . . '. �: . �i t '�.�. , � k, v .. . ; ., , } . ',, �. ��� y .. . � � � '...,, �� ,� 4$ �� �v 1 � ., . � n .. , �a . . ... ;��� ,..0, �.. . " ... . �n A �. � ., ' ., . 1 . .. . �• � ,.:� �' v:� •� �:, � � ?� � �'� ' � , ti. , �f .'� 9` �� �� ,, 3.y* � � � �; � , � , �u � � a k, ; � .. � � � a�. r � � �`�; ^�; �µ� `,�-` �' � � `at, �`' i xr�"?�� � �� �� � y' ; � � � � �'� ��� � ��'��� �� ...„„�`�rv' ��, a��: � ';. �,� � x y� E ,�,, ... ��t� " �r .� : � �its�'"« � s.�,��"�'�, � �'� :��,„�� . i ` { �� ` � � a �`��� ��+� �'r ��, r�"`�, "�tb �" a a � '��� .�s:�a� <�„ � �`.�, � ��'+� s��. `��.�. ���� �� � ,�:� � � s ��,� � s;�. �q"r ����� �� �'�� � � � � ' � � � ��� � ��� �. � ; �,° , ��a t t, a � v �'�� � ,� ��,�2 �`�,� � �s`,� ���,`��� � ���, ��+� ��a� p�„� � � � a ,�t � ��� �������� ��� ����� �� ������� a���� � �����„,� �� a' � � ,� �"��'���,����:�, ��.�e� �.��� � °��,��" .�-�`� �� `� ��� a�`�`�5,, �,; �,��.,,� � �s ���.��',�"y1�� ��°�'„.� ���� ���'�� �'����'�`��4�,�.��^�� �. ��ro " � �e ��� � .. ��. .. . . . . ' ��.�.:�a. M���,�".',. �t'�"�a�t��.� _��.�,., �_.���2 R ��L rs���.��$ : 6� ,� n � — � �? 10 �; . �� � ��:� � ' , � , � p 4 �i�£, . . " '` .. �� 'ci'� \.� n . Y.�.M„ �.�"�","a .,...� R . :. v � Gravelpave� Installation . �,,�, ,�� , � � ,+� " � ���` Gravelpave�SizelShape Fill Requirements � �, `°��� �i �� :, o " , , . , �. _ � ��j� �'� You will r�eed '1"of gravel fill,compaeCed.Be �' ' ' "' ' ' � � careful to order enough for the compaction `,�,` �` process and choose a gravel size that will nest � . � well into the rings.We have found that 3/��'minus �� � ���� � � �� crushed sYOne�and sometime 3Ja'with limited � �� ����'��'������� � small sharp screenings(#40 to#1D0 screen)works � �. ��Y � .,��� xr � �9� .�� i��� � � � � �� �����'�:���, .�,� �'�� " � .� weli.Washed gravel will�roll within the rings ��' ' � u G P�acea�dcomPacrsanda�agra�froadbas�. � and will also"roll about.'"For this rea�nn,we do � t '' not recommend pea gravel,even though it is � 0 �` � often very attractive.A visit to your local quarry ' I� �:v+. ,�,��� ���� ��`, �� � is sugges�ed.We have found tha[some geological � � � ' ��t �°� r,�_����� areas of the United States have limited types of �� �� sharp gravel available,It has been necessary to �` a; import gravei from a neighboring state,but remember the amounts are relatively small— { the top one-and-a-quarter inch of the cross sec- M �� °�.u����� �' �i ,�{ ' tion.Gravel should be as free of fines as possible. �c�r � '�,�� ''� � �; �. � To maintain porosity,avoid soft stone materials ' �' �a with low durability that will break easily. , d! I�� RolloutGravelpave?aligningthesnapfitfasteners. �thQC FI���8t@�IB�S fOf Gf8V0�P8VC2 ' �`� Please ask our staff for assistance with this ' � , , °" ����� 0 � �' �p`����'��°��"'� '�d ��'� category since it is use-specific and often experi- .„ , ► „ 'm mental.Ground rubber,crushed glass,crushed brick,and many other materials can be useful as attractive fill materials for various applications. ', ` ° Thermoset(epoxy,polyurethane,etc.) binders may � �`�• - � � �""`'����� be cost prohibitive for most proje�ts;but offer „:s � � unique design possibilities,including ciarity,color � ��� �. , � � �' ��� i��t��i��� ��;� �'�y�������,�������� enhancemertt(wetlook),flexibilit,and durabilit . � �� ""� i�d���il;t��l� <<���'��Y���t, Y y . �yy�� ��' Our technical support staff will assist with ° ��' �"�� `�� , x���' � � ���� ���� � selection of gravel sources.The photographic �� � � _ -�� �ayvaryj�W'tnan�norsp�o�;aea(srZeanury� samples shown on this page will help you narrow ' � '' " ' � ' � ' "' ' � your gravel choices.Should you have questions � � , „ � ° m, � ��r �;�,��,� � +j�� I' j concerning the selection,please eabmit a small x t Io 4 � �� � �' sam �e for a roval rlor to s ecif n ,� _ ,� ��iii,��+l� � ;� ��' �, ;r n y. � � �i � P PP P � P Yi g �� ���: a'� � ° or securing the materials, , � , . �, k. , 4, �,� � � �r�a �, ��� s� r' u �� °�������`� �� � � �t. �.. ` ��,.°?' i��i �i� ,r� � , „� � �� ,�. �_ , n� -. � �� y � � ��z�«��� � ? ����s�� ��� � -� �. ��� 3 Yt�i4�' " � ..�'� � I !I �W''� ad � ie��ti �'6, f ' >�� _ � ������ �� � filfringswithcleangrave% Vil �� ��� r.�p������°t i�� �.-„ � . , ' �,� ' � i��' � .. i y ��� ,� a i'1 � � d i , , , �, � � p� ,,i r.. �Yi �a .,�-, . � ... ,,,. .. . . ��� d � . .; �cw.Ka p . .�I�) ,� g � �, py1�,J^' ..��.. �u"�������s����s,��,� '.a�} �`� ��i"t ��.�"n'�uh , _��t,. Compactgravei with vibratorroilerorBat plate ' compactor(not shown). ,� � � 3 � �� Mats can be ralled out in minutes! Gravelpave2 Installation Procedure process.Anchors should be placed inside the rings as ciose to This installation section is only intended as an overview.Please the center as possible.Begin anchoring from one corner in a review our Gravelpave2 Technical Specifications(available at radial pattern. www.invisiblestructures.com or ca11800-233-1510)for Gradually place gravei fill (see suggested fill material on facing camprehensive installation instructions. page)into rings by using a front-end loader and shaking out the fi11 as the machine drives forward.Carefully lower the bucket Prepare sandy gravel base course to a depth as determined when empty and back up while dragging it above the rings to by a soils engineer.Compact with a vibrating plate compactor or smooth out the gravel,finishing with a stiff broom.Wheel barrow use a heavy motorized roller for large jobs.To testporosity,water and shovel works well for.small jobs.Contractor tip—you can with a hose and check to see that water drains readily through store excess material for future maintenance,top dressing as the base course before installing the Gravelpavez mats. may be necessary.Use rakes and/or push brooms to distribute ' Roll out mats with the grain(in the same direction) so that the gravel fiil to a leve]slightiy above rings so that compacting the snap fit fasteners can be used with neighboring mats.To the fill will not uncover the rings. ' fit around boxes and curbs,cut the grid between the rings with Use a vibrating plate compactor or large driving roiler again to pruning shears and scissors or a small portable electric hand saw. compact the gravel fill.Additional gravel may be necessary to Fasten the mats together using the snap fit fasteners that are finish filling the rings.Compact again until the material appears ' molded into the product inserting the prongs into the rectangular solid in the rings.Wetting the gravel may help it to interiock. ', openings:Tuck the fabric underneath the fasteners to keep joints Drive on the installation when finished.If car tires make a ' closed.A quarter-inch nut driver head(6 mm)fits nicely over the pattern,there may be toa much gravel or it may need additional ' fastener to compress the pieces together.A piece of lumber placed compaction.It is expected that tops of the rings may be visible. ' under the Gravelpave2 mat wi11 provide stability to aid in fastening, If sides of the rings show,then add more fi11 material and repeat ' Supplied anchors must be used to secure the mats to the the compaction process. base.Hammer anchors with washers at a rate of one anchor per�six rings in both directions.Use ����` �,,���e;n�`�s ���,,�� �� �� �� extra anchors around the perimeter of ,�m�"�'���`�i,�' the Gravelpave2 install and in high �"' - traffic areas.Rec'rprocating " hammers�can be used� � � to speed up the anchoring F ,_ � , , • � " ' 41p r���� 6�". �r1 �'p„I , ' ��; �Mi91 , R: ; � � � ., , , b � t � �� — „� ,, �.r�,r '� 8A`a �R *+� e ,,.. � . � � � r � �� i � w ' � ' ` �� x � � � � « �, v � � �.�� ., x�', .:: , �, `; Ur � p. n1 . � ha4.. .: � � �3 . �. ;� „. � r ... � f... �.�` ,,.s : t � x. t �� �� '���' r } ar. ; ���� �,t �' i �nr � i;, � � � M!� �t �6i y�,�'�, .�` � a� � � f g� , � �,. ���Ii�S��� '� . �� � pV�=; �,°�. � s=,. . , : � d. 4 j �..� . ... . tir* 12 I -- �j z'°' Golf Industry Large�Ro(Is � � � �� GravelpaveZ and Grasspave2 golf cart paths give the look of a Our patented systems have a shipping,handling and installation natural path through trees,along fairways,and around greens. advantage as well—large rolls.Qur standard roll size (model The flush surface requires no trimming or edging.Traction is 2020) covers 431 sq.ft.(40 mz)and weighs 192 pounds (87 kg). excellent with Graveipave2 and Grasspavez traction is slightly Other roll sizes are available.Installers of our products have better than grass.Grasspave2 repeatedly commented that they and Gravelpavez can enhance Lab Com reSSiOri TeSt ReSUItS enjoy the easy installation. your golf cart staging area, � Rolling out Grasspave2 is pedestrian traffic area,parking Load-bearing capacity of filled Grasspave2/Gravelpave2 srrnilar to rolling out carpeting lot,road shoulder,and mainte- rings vs.concrete,and vehicle loading examples and coverage is fast and effi- nance yard. �..-...: �,-�:.� v - cient.The mat system can be � � Y, , easily cut to fit around trees, Automobile Dealership Dispiays =� v ��� irrigation,curbing,or other Car dealerships have discovered ,,,,�� ���, terrain.The rolls have sna fit �� � � „ ,��,w� • that Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 ��� ����b� � � P � are perfect�for automabile dis- � � ,���°'���' ��� k,�� � �'` connectors�to atYach to adjacent � play areas.Dealerships now r 7�F�spave�/Gravelpave- � q rolls,making one unified,con- � ' ° +�7��psicapaciry(f�led) �� � �Y; tiguous system.This unified have an option when it comes v�� � mat system adds stability and to adding paved areas for car � � '� ��e� r� ' � 2 trans ort and dis la .Dealershi s Concrete-3,000 srca acrt ` continuity in design.Grasspave p p y p � € " P p y '�� can just as easily be snapped to � like the"soft"attractive look grass �� � . i `;� � ��� and decorative gravel provide. 'a Q :y�� °% Gravelpave2 to add stability and � ,` � � o ��' product variation, Utility and Maintenance Vehicle Access � � � � � Hydrogrow Providing your site with impor- ` �� "�` �' � '�� Another reason Grasspavez tant utilitarian functions with- ';�. �'�. �;� � �`��, is the industry leader is the �'�� out compromising beauty - �=a� �, 2 addition of Hydrogrow soil is simple.Grasspave and amendment,which is su lied Gravelpave2 can incorporate a RtltlOff COmpariSOn CI1aTt with your order.Hydrogr w is structural road without inter- Runoff coefficients,Grasspave2/Gravelpave2 and engineered to help grass grow rupting your landscaping.No `,sandy gravel base over various soil types in our sand based root zone. obtrusive concrete or asphalt 100% access roads are necessary to �ha�� The results ar Z amazing and get to window washing areas, 90�Ia our Grasspave areas often pump stations,microwave tow- ��% aV��craveipa��0'�"�ay laok healthier than surrounding ers,tanks,or electrical boxes. '7p% � �� � crassp . � turf.By using this special mix- �iaY ture in the sand,porosity will Unique Applications 60% a��ov���0a"'� be maintained,turf will be Our mats are installed in some r�p% ��auPav�ICrav��p attractive,and aeration will unique and interesting piaces: 40%a .. X a��o��r�n��0�m ' not be necessary. Helicopter landing pads,race car ������a�e�p display areas,outdoor amphithe- 3n% Fr�<''� crassp Sand Fill 2 Grasspave Is the only grass ater seating,under picnic tables, 20% £� paver on the market specifying under concrete pavers(support), 10% ;' - - sand as part of its cross section. airplane display and transport, ;O%Q c�a�Pa�ic�a�e�pa��o��nd Sand is the best medium to pro- cemetery marker reinforcement, ' vide water and air to the roots eave drip lines and more. 1 ' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1Q 11 12 Inches of Rain During 24 Hours and still provide high compres- Installations are not limited 2 sive stren th.The United States to traditional paved areas. c��„iaeo��„�ivaecric�p�areao�ers°ors�,aY�veie���o��e:ia;do���na���eso��s�����ate�. g Golf Association uses sand for every USGA golf course and nearly every professional and colle- ' Grasspave2 Characteristics giate turf athletic field uses a sand cross section as well.Topsoil (or , other organics fill material)in the rings will eventually compact Ring and Grid Structure and damage the root zone.Sand negates the need for mechanical Grasspavez is by most accounts the best flexible grass paver aeration,which can damage Grasspavez and other grass pavers. made today.Its unique ring and grid structure allow for flexibility, stability,and exceptional grass growth.With 92 percent void Strength When Installed , space for healthy roots and 100 percent grass coverage,Grasspavez When installed over a thick base course and compacted to 95 ', is the industry's preeminent choice.Our installations are hard to percent modified Proctor,sand-filled rings can support 5,700 ', find because they are invisible!With so little plastic near the pounds per square inch (psi)without deflection or compromise to crown of the grass,the blades of grass are not smashed by prod- safety.The cylinder is the strongest shape to support compressive uct.Root development is not interrupted from spreading laterelly. loads because it has no corners.Supporting heavy loads with the The rings are strong and rigid,keeping grass root systems pro- rings allows us to use less plastic in the product creating a 92 tected from harm.The roots grow directly downward,deep into percent void area for root deveiopment,combined with strengthl the sandy gravel base course. Less plastic means a lower cost for you. r r �' � r r. �• r � •r. r � � � � e r � e � re .�e . ;�„�a� �;�, �� `��,��' ,� �. � z1�` �"Yin��'� a �$a`��FT�.�-," .,.y� z� �� ��.r �`�,;.,�,� �.��:�,�:.1���.. 7��`="a�'w�k�,��sS�.�� q i M � +Y � � ^ . .: '•0 y�.;n . ,t § & _ � a°. � ��� � �' ��. :q., . . �.. � �, ri ,� d � . .., << �� .' , i. , a _�, � .. * � .,�w� � � „ . � ,� ��� � � �� �G �� � �� „ � u � � �i 4i d�Y is�, °�, �?� l � z n- _ #` � � � ,. ° A � „ , . � . ��^f.�.„5`�" � aj..,�' t. � l ��� .»� y� P'',u L � � s�� � � �,, �a w�J� p� � .`�y'Y� "ks � .;��F Rea '"�� ,' `,aS; : � � p . ��d �`�° ci i; � a ,�� � � asv � � a� ����'�� bT"*�i �q q 9 «�. �}�^'. . . �!' . a. � �'Y,� A f � �'I i� �; �� nw*.'e„d��, e �- s ��v'� s� � �`��"��,a�s,s»� .'��� ��i.'..�.'�- V� r �. s� � � s � ���?� ,�,� � �� � �� 'g,� �� { � �,� � .� t � z5r,�„ .'��' �"��� '�� ���a.a ;� � "�4 �r � m �� �x u �� �� � � �����°�a������������� � � � � �� � � , w �, �°���� ��. 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"�.w-,��. ., x . . . . . a� r �— ?�� Traffic frequency Should the fasteners of one mat not align over the distance of Grass as a surface material can withstand fram two to six (varies another mat,then anchor pins(or eight inch ring shank nails antl with grass species and environmental conditions) trips daily over large washers)can be used to secure the mats along the seam. the same spot.This suggests that most parking applications we Forcing the alignment can cause the mats to ripple and not lay pave with asphalt today could be paved with Grasspavez instead. down evenly. Vehicles can remain parked on grass for extended periods of Traffic Frequency time,provided some relief can be given for a few days for the Gravelpave2 has no limits on frequency or duration of traffic on grass to recover. the system.Park or drive as often as you like on Lifespan 9 �s,� 6.. y Gravelpave2.However,speeds should be kept Grasspavez has a projected � �ye y,�q,�� i�'i` �4��'9�' '' � � ';" , at or below about 20 mph(30 km/h). lifespan of 60 years. ���� � � "` ������� �� Compared to asphalt Durability with a lifespan af 15 Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez are years;and concrete t made from flexible High Density with a lifespan of 25 Polyethylene(HDPE) plastic years,Grasspave2 will � with UV inhibitors,which save you money on withstands repeated freeze-thaw cycles and replacement costs. rk continuous subzero tem- ' Irrigation peratures without crack- Grass needs water and you `,, ' ing.HDPE resists aggres- may need to have irrigation � �. ,,� sive chemicals such as road � installed.Grasspave2 has a sand �" ° � salts,motor oils and fuels.HDPE based root zone which usually Standardcolorsinclude: � � is highiy abrasion-resistant and is requires slightly more water than a Tan,81ack,PewterGrey,Terra Cotta. ' . unaffected by extremes in pH.A we11- normal topsoil or,organic root zone.If maintained Gravelpavez installation will golf courses in your area use irrigation �:°� ' last 25 years in most ciimates. systems,you probabiy should in Aesthetics your Grassapavez installation. Part of what draws many designers to use Gravelpave2 Invisible Structures—Standard Product Roll Sizes Gravelpave2 Characteristics is the ability to have an area Fabric,Ring and Grid � maintain a natural look.Many � � ' = times native soils or gravel can When we developed Model m tt m rt m �t mz ftz kg rbs be used as fill material,comple- Gravelpavez in 1993,our mentin surroundin areas. oal was to rovide desi ners loio 1 3.3 to 3z,s o 5 i.7 io los 2z 4s g � a second oppon for a po ous tozo i 3.3 zo s5.s o.s 2.7 20 2i5 4� 96 Gravelpave2 is available in four avement that can tolerate standard colors-black,tan, p I520 1.5 4.8 i 20 65:8 0.8 `2.7 30 32� 65 144 gray,and terra cotta (custom high frequency and low-speed zozo z s.s 2o s5.s o.s z.� �0 43o s7 ls2 colors are available at addition- traffic.By molding our ring zo ss:s �.8 z.7 50 5as :. tos z4o al cost).Ring colors are intend- and grid structure onto a non- ?�Z� 2'� ��� - ` ed to blend with the gravel WOV211 p01y25�8t'fllt@P f3�7PIC, Ralls ran be 3nsi211ed manuatly(2 people advised).Rolls apply tu Grasspave2,Gravelpavez,Draincore�, COIOT SO t}10y Wlll bE�BSS V1S1b18 � we were able to create a new ana sioPe�me2. should some portion of the rings product that contains gravel show.A sma11 amount of excess and prevents particle migration stone fi11 should be left above the top of the rings to provide visu- and rutting. al cover and additional UV protection.This excess will migrate, ', Gravelpave2 is the only system specifically designed for aggregate but usually not very far: containment porous paving.The cylinders displace the load onto an $ize and Shape Requirements for Gravel Fill ' engineered base course and hold the decorative gravel in place.The you wiil need one and a quarter inch(3.2 cm) of gravel fill, ' fabric keeps the top-dress gravei from compacting into the road ��fore compaction.After compaction the gravel should be only base,acts as a weed and vegetation barrier,and suppresses dust. be slightly higher than the rings ('/8 inch,3 mm above).The Traditional pavements,including gravel roads,are designed to following criteria for gravel fi11 will make the most of the shed water and keep it away from the pavement's cross-section. systems performance, ' Gravelpave2 is designed to do the opposite—welcoming water • Hard—resistant to breaking,crushing or crumbling down through the system.Plus,GravelpaveZ wi11 not rut,wash- � Sharp and angular(do not use rounded pea gravel) board,or puddle like traditional gravel roads. • Clean,washed(free of fines) , Snap-Fit Fasteners • Size�/��to 3/8 inch(5 mm to 1 cm) Designed into Gravelpave2 is a snap-fit fastener,a two-pronged Other fi11 material may be used in certain situations,but may be arrow that fits into a rectangular slot.Simply push the slot over considered use-specific or experimental.Please consult with our the prongs to easily snap together panels of Grasspavez.To take technical support staff regarding fill material not meeting t�e them apart,just squeeze the prongs together and lift off the slot. above criteria or for installations requiring"binders.° z DenverTechCenterCorporateCltent�0 CuruingGrasspaae�firelanes araund both butttlings lends oppartunity far priv�te autdoar toWnge area for employees who e�n aiso enjay the gartlen viewfrorrr their of�ce wintlaws: (��p"q� r �, � � � -. . �.� „ � '4tPt+ r s��t,r�p ��C.,s;i; .� F �a��� ,t s� ' ; ; ,. � , �' � � ��� � t �. � �� ��� � ` 'r a . i k X ' �{ ),� ' t ;�.. � �...e s,€� f.� �. it�j i�"b> �`4. r G v� 2 a � i s ,� �,� � £ � �`•�b`u'a, ,�a�..�"'4tt4��?�-��;`�j}t���S�a�i�r}��,s4�» � �rttl��v KI a� ��4�t F t t �';}��. � ?- ,t r ��:€ s f i ��' .f����� �w4�'gi. s�,;.,���y�y„ri;.��S��'Yia�"£s`.u��}s�3,�.,� �4 z�r�, � L ¢i .:� �'+:a;xsy„aa� �% ��i: �: ,�k,� ���:�;�t^"ti`��:� �t�l�v.il2car5.�.\5ti��.��}4{.T����'?��ct'�t�..i`�y�,+,�,�3 } xs� t ,rti � 4, � � 3� Y 3 ���'t�,��q\�i�vs y� t � t + c (t � . - b ��� �� �`_`�"��������"��� J#����ek��t�`�t�h�����t�7 'tp i �#���� . ` , . „.,.,. �,. �,.'t � ,� �����`aS`*�*�� aZ4�. �c�`�L�,�t.���2�,���tti.���{?.t1.�I3,?�3 tr s Y iS e� Iai�`��'1G," �� { ` � ��� '�� ,`-'..� . �,�.'��z "i��t*,`�i^�w�.�,}��'a�t����`t�`�:�c�,l";13 7 1'�`�ccS�d� qr�..����� �c.�t?. � t���t� . � � �'i � ��� '�'��h.�Y£3���%��zt j���4aS.,t +`,1Yi ��� ���� 4 ` f.# 3 � ����v. `� i� L 4�£t�?�� ��`��C'?��; d?fi��2� 6 0 ����,.`'�`��` ?<" �t k3,,� 4;t, '�} ��, �`�������'�,��'*�`{�'����2U���� � �l 4 t ���2: � � � ��� �, � ����`i�� ��i�" 1�*.�. x E � � �°� �s^ .,,. ,,. ^ � � .., +.�.,k y, y � ��. � � �� � 4 � 3 : w.y� � +�' �t �. „� �'� t�Y l 7 � i �. ���"�,``� � g,.�� � t xt. 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' � ° � .,,. o ., t4' a �. ,��: ' #�, �. � x �r. � '� ��$� ��z t§ax a� 4 .ef�^���. �' - �� �" r'� �> " �� a : € a"�y,�� �. . � ..„ °., ' � � � �. a�r e� .y . {�; �! • �� � � � � - �, a. �� � ¢ �+�� �,�d ''�' � �'�gff %�'�,.� ���`�������� '� t ;��� �d , � ��i� ��,s ����x�'t} � �.�r ' t�. 4 s�"; c.s ^�; �` I'�.+ � ,r' .��. �.� � ;� jy ��� ' 3 � E . . � `a�, � a� � � + � �" s � ��� � �`s �" ,_ �j �� ' t `�� � ` , . t �� � ���� �� �� �� �. ��,�'�"� � �.; � . - �� � � , ,�� � , . s _ , ; ' , a ,�"' .�':�....b,..�.". � � iY�'a �� � ���. � . � �� �� � a�a� �, . ��: � � :.� '' ` �� � J S t�t T 'a�, . "°' � 4 ��k � bi � �" � � � y� � , � �;��"��,.���s z ''��� � � � x . r� s z���� �\ a � � � �z�.�< �.,.� ,� J g�'`�,'�'�` ��'��t��l �� �`$. . ,:`�'a. �, � ����`� ,�, `- _ `u3 P � �'-��� �` t�' � y ,��«,a�;,.. �����;��ir�'�������������'�i�">t a � � � �.c`';���"�y t�'s`�.�a,.� �' � �h�`� ��.�_ �' .. . �� �� . , x3�' �s' �Z� � � R�,�'�t�. »;,K ��}t� 1 �4 xi,'� � 3m� �. ''.,,c � �ak� tYx t��wa�r s`"��a;;"�"1,,',�"�£i� �. �. ���� ��`x��:„%� a��;,�. � � � "�� �� ���� ��t���``�k� � a �� ` �� �# � _a��� ��a�� �� ';n�ry,�,���" 3y;;°� $����1 ' � � , +�',i*���' +54 +" 1°�� .d' "3�����:.x`�.�*:t 4 � � � � �4�.,"`�'p��s���ut��'°,�x������.�. �Ar� lc ';�� � k: y.i �'�w�, rt�� '"� � {+�`e�3+�;k. . "°"�^�„,^k,,." . i � �re'��'�� S��� � y� ��y �� 3 i�r Y�...�,iY. '. � �����.�fii� ���� �i�� rf 1 � � it�. '� t":3+G ��,...� ��YF,�.: ��?:.C'. �. ��t' � S`:u �,j ti� �s. r�s. : .ti% <, .. �f.i �s 1 �- � � Dust Suppression In addition to cost savings in the design phase,you may be able Dirt and gravel roads have the potential to kick up dust and dirt to eliminate ather components during insta�lation such as raot when traversed.Many communities have regulations limiting or protection for trees,grates,manholes,curbing,and tree and eliminatrng gravel surfaces from new construction.Rest assured, yegetation removal costs, , if you design a Gravelpave2 surface ' ' you will be getting a virtually dust- �� � +�ag�; �� ;�°�F Maintenance and operations free surface.The clean and washed �� ` '� costs are significantly reduced t E over asphalt and concrete surfaces. fill material required to fill the �� � `` A.(Andy) E.Lindsey,Director of ��,�� r �: rings'will nothave any more dust ��R y �,� � ���, Grounds Maintenance,University ; ' than an asphalt-paved surface. �a ,; . ���n� � �� �� , Gravelpave2's geotextile fabric , �; , V''�� of South Alabama,in his written wiil prevenC the dust-sized particles � ��'�s. ����� analysis datied February 18, 1999, I contained within the base material ' ` compare�the cost of our porous (existing gravel surface or dirt), � systems to asphalt pavement using from being displaced by moving �,' historical data from university �.,, x tire or wind forces. � . records.The conclusion was a , $56;000 savings over 20 years,by using Grasspavez and Gravelpavez, Industry Advantages Qur products can save you the most Economic Advantages money by combining your surfaces' ' Whether you are an engineer, uses into one area.Multiple,surface: architect,landscape architect,! �= use;means savings on real estate, contraetor or homeowner you will �" x �,; �'°�' ° , design costs;maintenance,insur- ' be concerned with the cost of you ance and rnore.You can have a�re project.Grasspavez and GravepaveZ ' lar�e that doubles as"green space" ' ' will save you money.Our products for employees or visitors,combine ` will save on design costs,installa- a parking lot with a bio-swale and tion costs,component materials, stormwater mitigation system,and maintenance/operations expenses expand your lawn into the driveway: and lifecycle costs.We'can find a The'Grasspave2 and'Gravelpave2 way to reduce your site expenses OaktlaleNaturePreserve,Freeport Illinois-Gravelpave�reduceserosionand' lnstallations at Reliant Stadium, ` with our porous pavers. <ruainginthisADAaccessibletrail. Houston,Texas,pull quadruple ' ' duty,providing over seven acres of When designing,you may be able to eliminate or reduce storm- parking,stormwater mitigation,required"green space"and an water filters,detent'ron basins;conveyance lines,modifying grading requirements;or many other"necessities"associated outdoor festival site which generate additional income. with asphalt or concrete.A great deal of your stormwater As mentioned above,Grasspavez and Gravelpave2'have a longer mitigation plan can be built into Grasspave2 and Gravelpave2, lifespan than asphalt.Compound the above savings with the Installers have been astounded by the!speed and efficiency longer lifespan,and you can have a lifecycle cost which can save ` for which large areas can be accommodated by our large ro11s. thousand of dollars on even moderately sized instaIlat'rons: Unrolling our mats,snap fitting,and cutting is easy and requires Competitive Advantages - no special machinery.Please view our technical specifications Our porous pavers not only have advantages over impervious (from'www.invisiblestructures;com,ca11800233-1510,or avail- surfaces,we are proud to compete with any other plastic porous able through our partner network) for the installation procedure. pavers manufactured.Our products are the strongest on the A brief instaliation overview'rs also on pages 8 and 10);: market 5',721 psi installed (39,273 kPa,$23,844 psf or 7,414,416 psy),or 2,100 psi empty.Grasspavez and Gravelpavez have Compacted sandygravel road base placed above compacted subgrade,95%modified For Grasspavez: .TM.�� �- Proctordensity.Graveipave2roHs are laid,pinned,and filled with clean,sharpgravel. Gompacted sarrdygravei road base placed above �>.:�- .�.�.,, ��� � compacted subgrade, >. h t�'�°� 95%modified. � f� i� t �{ � , ` w�. � �=� ', ��. ,� �, �,v � t3� � �' � � � ° �� � ��`� �;��� ��� � ������� �, � � � � ���� �r=�,, K �� �� � �;.,,t����� � � � � � �.���� r�� ��� � � �� � � ff ��� � � ��; � - k�"�l��i� 1 ar �, ��. �.i a.��"s� �e � �` ,�'ia� .:. � �`'��"� �" , ., g�� � ... �.� . � . .. ��.� �._.. ,..,, ........r. .—............. .:. .. . �.... _.._.._T:.�._,,. _..... __� �.._..,.._.� �a ,..__�.._ ..__�,�w*... .,m.... .�,:,. �� _..*..�es="�i.�����'� . �. . � ���� �y., 9.Y ���� �l�a� �������:. 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'�'^�,'�, ��y�i ^��^E ��:h�c 4?� c �� �`{�S"�a..4 . �'����`;�'�ti� � ' a'� �'� y� �,��' �. �� , u,,,�,'�1�. �. ', 2..... �� �', i`i ��..�`n a k ,��,,,� � �� ���,���� s�, r 4��. '�4,'�, ti �. 2?;;S}i 1 ' 1 ti�, 3 , � �� a� y��t ? e ; �t: i�S �� F,. � <d�'�;;'a. 1 .�.`':s�.�.a.. �,.. � (' � ` 4� i £ � &' r F }j' � ' . g" � + � _ , � „ e , . ' * ��� � d ���y '" � �' ; , , n - h!.�. ', i . � �°�'�-' t �a�m� �i� �� � R, c' t. � k �. T� . �� .i� �� ����+�4�Yj�.�y� � �� ��, �f � � �� �. I I � : '�",`�,'.�, ���,�� � � y z x � ,��, �i� t *�tAt�, 7s', � i " ')6 � „ s x [, . _ .x a^ �, t�� d ' ° +M � r . .� r . ,, . � . , � ` �. :�. � . . a ^ m G .�� _ 7`�� �!:. .�, °_�, _. . !i . .` ,ti,m , ' ° . p ' � � �ry �ti, e y. v �A�.. Cs �>.`v' �..,..� 4� +i � 3 �' /. � t I / •�1• / '7 7 • /1 ! t i!I lit i � � i �, i r �� . � k- �t � i . � i . ���.. . . . . � �l { t F �8 l ^ ��" 92 percent void space for the best root development and grass • Keep the porous paving area free of sediment and erosion from ' coverage(Grasspave2) and the most volume available for desired adjacent areas as they can cause drainage and aesthetic fill (GravelpaveZ).Most other plastic pavers come in rigid unit issues.Extra care should be taking for use in swales or berms. ; blocks,which are cumbersome to install and difficuit to cut • Slope should be considered.Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 and shape.Grasspavez and Gravelpavez rolls are consrdered perform the best for all vehicles when the slope is no greater the favorite to work with by installers, than 8 percent.Light vehicles (golf for the flexibility,continuity,and speed carts),bicycles,and pedestrian areas of installations.Grasspavez is the only can have up to a 20 percent slope. product on the market specifying sand GrasspaveZ in fire Ianes should not infill for the grass roots.Sand is recom- exceed five percent(consult your locai mended as the infill of choice for grass fire departments). pavers by Professor Bruce K,Ferguson, � Check the permeability of existing Univ.of Georgia,author of the book, underlying soils.Percolation rates 'Parous Pavemeri�s:" �� shoald be,64 cm to 1.3 cm of water ' CompetingTechnologies ' � ` �� per hour(EPA guidelines). ,, , , ,��;, t •The water table should be about Porous paving technology has made ��, three feet(approx. 1 m) below base great strides not only in flexible plastic ` q ��� � m ` � � course in most instances. pavers but in oCher areas as well: � ° � • Bedrock should not be closer than Permeable asphalt,permeable con- � two feet(0.6 m) below base course. ' crete,interlocking unit blocks,rein- ° � •Avoid use of Grasspavez and ' forcementrnats,and concrete grid � ' ���= Gravelpave�in areas where high- pavements,have all improved and � � � �� advanced to meet the growing demand '� speed acceleration or braking and for environmentally frlendly technolo- `�� � ��� � � , ;�' �5 , �� � , � �, '��� turning occur.Examples�are gies.It is Invisible Structures'firm UancouverCityWorksYard,Uancouver,8ritishColumbia—mainstaff entrances and exits to parking lots arkin lot,doneinGravel avc�. that connect to higher speed roads. belief that you should use porous P 9 P • paving,even if it is not our product If your site varies from these condi- 1ine,whenever possible.The more tions,please consult ISI directly, you use these technolagies,the better 800-233-1510,as some conditions accepted they become:If you have to can be overcome with design and pave,porous pave! component adjustments. ; Invisible Structures also contends Base Course Design ', that while these competing tech- Calculating the depth and composition ' nologies have their place,in most of materials for the base course incor- I instances,our Grasspave2 and porates the same design criteria as for GravelpaveZ systems outperform, other pavements: last longer,require less maintenance, • Load-bearing capacity of native (or look better,and are easier to install. � , fill)subsoil, Y��",Y�.s"��`�, i��°',"�,�}%tk','�,��` �. ; Check with our technical specialists �4 � • Plasticity or impact of moisture on at 800-233-1510 for the latest data. strength and longevity, • Frostheave potential,and ' Designing for Grasspave2 and • Traffic load,frequency and/or Gravelpave2 �; duration. Design for Use ���� ��� � Sam le Base Course De ths � �,�°� ���r�. P P �.y� u �� �1��4�f,{� ��'�(� �°�'�iip,t��raY" p123SL COIISUlt Wlt}I a SO1�S 811g11722T There is an area in your development, ������`��� � "�"� Y�''����q" �'� � y ` �� y '�5 �,��'4 ��F i ���� ����� ��� � ���'�' for site-specific base requirements. site,or home that will most likely ben- Generally,the depth that is used under efit from Grasspavez and Gravelpavez. asphalt wi11 be the requirement under ' We advise that you take a look at prop- Fire�ane,SanMateo,GA-Manynativegrassesandotherattractive Grasspave2/Gravelpavez.Golf carts and ' er use patterns,site conditions,and vegetationcanbegrowninGrasspave�. pedestrian traffic rnay require nothing other specifications to get full advan- over sandy gravel soils,and just two to tage and long life out of our products.Invisible Strvctures, four inches of base course (5-1D cm)over very weak soils. Cars 800-233-1510,is available for preliminary design assistance and usually need a six-to eight-inch base course (15-20 cm).Buses, ' consultation.Please note that other porous paving systems are trucks,and fire engines can easily require eight to 12 inches ' NOT interchangeable with Grasspave2 or Gravelpave2, consult (20-30 cm)or more.The use of geotextiles,below the base is not our technical specifications for full installation instructions. required,but will prevent integration with subsoils and is strong- Considerations for Design: ly advised in areas of clay or silt soils and frost heave.Do not use • High use,low speed,and unlimited traffic volume is optimal 100 percent limestone base as limestone wrll compact and become ' for Gravelpave2 impervious—Iflimestone must be used,mix with 25-30 percent • Low to moderate use,low speed,with recovery time is sand(AASTO M6 or equal). perfect for Grasspave2 or Gravelpave2 �:�t ��r.�.Y � � � � � �� � �, ��� � �� �: �� i3 � 1 p `:�!9 �� ' t 5 . ��y��,��� � i$�� k �c � � 4 � " ' �y�°� P ' � �� F m � ���;� y`� > � � �t�,. ,�; , �'�' �', ,�� + � �� � � , � � � � t � � ,.� '�:��, �, ��t . , � ` � � ��{�, ����� ���� � �' � ����� � ,` ��., ��r ��; �, ��� �;,� � �"�' � � � ��. �r ,. „ , �� � �� � ��c��; °_ '� , , � � ; .. 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S �"•��� _� . c�`?, :, y�`c''��`� ?".y�' i d' 7 !0 � l t .d8 t d 8 8 At'8' .$. � i� i i ' i '. A I"0. / .! t 796 ' i ^.B i i 'I.. P ! 't d t 8 6 ..P zo r ° �° Bedding Sand Not Necessary seems to be no problem with sod selectiion for fire lanes.If the Do not use a sand setting base with our products.Unlike concrete Grasspavez area has just been seeded or sadded,drive on it only pavers,bricks,and other rigid pavers—our Grasspave2 and in an emergency. Gravelpave2 are flexible and do not require sand to level. Gravelpave2 Maintenance Edge Protection Potholes will only appear if the base course has not been For aesthetic and maintenance considerations,you may want to compacted properly before laying the rings or if the base material design in a durable edging material to separate our porous is allowed to mix into clay soils below (use nonwoven fabric to pavers from adjacent areas of turf or to sirnply delineate a fire keep separate).Should this occur,remove a section by vacuuming lane or path.With Gravelpave2,an edging can prevent vegetation the gravel from the rings,unfasten the snap fit fastener,bring from encroaching onto the system and can prevent the gravel�ll the base course to the proper grade and compaction,put the from migrating at the edge.Steel,aluminum,wood,brick,or con- Gravelpavez square back in place,anchor,and fill to the top of crete are all acceptable edging materials.Keep the edging flush the rings.Seasonally check the rings in high-traffic areas and or slightly higher than the porous paver grade. entrance lanes for lower levels of fill and replace by sweeping gravel from other areas to bring it level again.Leaves should be raked or vacuumed and not allowed to decay.Organic matter wiil Maintenance and Operation stimulate weed growth and reduce porosity.To attack any occa- Grasspave2 Maintenance sional weeds that may locate within the Gravelpave2 installation, Irrigation is required in dry climates.Any popular pop-up system simply spray them with a weed killer(such as Roundup"`) and can be used.Simply cut out rings to reveal the irrigation head.If remove them when dead. golf courses in your area use irrigation systems,you probably Cold Climate Cancems should in your Grasspave2 installation.Be careful not to over- porous pavement thaws faster than conventional pavements water as this will encourage shallow root development. because it allows melted water to flow directly through the Fertilize once a year with an NPK slow-release fertilizer that pavement,increasing the temperature in the cross-section. contains trace elements.There are many brands on the market. �rasspavez and Gravelpave2 are made from flexible High Do not aeratei You'11 end up with product damage.When installed Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic with UV inhibitors,which using sand in the rings,there will not be a compaction problem. Wrthstands repeated freeze-thaw cycles and continuous subzero Be careful not to use clay-based sods in pedestrian or vehicular temperatures without cracking. traffic areas—use sandy soil sod,or seed and mulch.There �t�° 4�,��°'' • �,�� fi ���m. � ' � °. ����3 � r,� ���� ��, � � 3"` � ;39 ���<, u r �a��? is 1,f�R�,x !6 t �... ri�. �: �- �z� � , � � � � ���`�"��� M ° � � � , �� s ,� ��. � y , �.. ' . ���d�YA��i ��* . ,.,, �� . �. f �.4,, � , ` �''t'.''a�. [ �� � �"`,. .� i . ,, ,. ` _��. , �:.,i uad�� . . y 1 s � � . � „ ..��s. ��i� . ., a.�b' � n ..' « � . .: � i� titi� .� '.#w.. , w ..: 1&' ' .v? . ....:s� .; , ... �a. 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'��.e3�?�...�c*�i wt 7�. ,w.�. .,. .n..�:.. „�...3,'��`4��. .;.�..� Private Residence,Houston,TX—Grasspavez supported grass sections in thrs custom home driveway. Gr�nd Ganyan lrusG Flagstaff,Al Thirtycar employee parking lot after several years of snaw removal and exceltenf maintenance.Spaces are defined wiih concret�bumpers. �., � � ' ,; ,, �� ,. .��, �� ,� � � � , � . ��� .. ..�.,` ...Y �, �'�.,�,. �. ,',,..; �.:, ,, i . �" .. ,, r , � , , 7� „ x r „ �,: . 1 .. .,i. .�.. ; . ' ^ ,:, ��; �. ` � .�;. F �' . ;. 3 : t^ -:,x" , fi i .,, "' �' t t t � � � � P 1 `�.. �n . ��� ���� y � ���� =E i �� � ��� � � "1�« ��a �' ;�` � 1 � �� � I � �` d ; " \,�,. � � ��q ,�^�� �;,�^. �4�' �? �b `, ,y��. 4 a `€ u�. � j r`: � y ,'� € �c�e i � st�`<, �r'^ �a �.�.'+",�e "`�• !.� tv. � � u+.��F �.� � ..� ' � } t y . , h� � .�u� . � �, . � £ _�� �� � N'+^ � �,�*" � k .*'.�,,� f4�'�� g�' � � ��' as,. 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"� � '..y : ^� � . y . � �{r � �i f; {fr � t p d S H� ,� l � � §�.. f ��a., . m� F7 - �� 6�a fi 04� I. � �� '� _� , :�� �" � i; �` �`'4, . � � �a�:q��f.k"'�.�. `� �, a � ���R �,�� � �� �[, �' y� � s�s� aE;� �'�, (� � ���,.�:� ����� � '�� ��� � ���� � � ». <, .�..,. � .� . � ��, �, � z .. � , ..� �. :n� x .. �- .. �`.,e �., ,a �? ...e� e�d:3� _ �^�" g�.+ °*�:.� 22 �°}'��'--- � Fire departments usually require you to plow snow that is over three '� �� z �4� �, �' �' �"'� ��� , �. ` inches deep.(7,5 cm).Consaltwith your 1ocalfire departmenCft�r their �� �� ' � + ��� � `�� �,,, _ guidelines. � �������,� ����� �n �� �� � , �,�:�.� $> Educate your snow retnoval crew to take care not to have the plow �" ,n.�`; e, ;� , k� s � ' blad��make contaeY with the Grasspave�or Gravelpavez systems. � ° � ,� °� � ° ��:xe Experienced snowplow drivers can leave a thin layer of snow on '`"�` �` ' the systems or they can attach skids(3/�inch-2 cm) to the bottom ° _�r " ,. ,,, , 'F of the blades. � �t� Sales and Technical Support Partners ' ' Invisible Structures,Inc,welcomes the opportunity to review designs and answer technical questions.Design details,technical specifica- ' ' tions,white papers,and oYher support material may be downloaded „ �v� . .� � �.,>,. w from our web site.See a comprehensive list of project profiles and ' case studies at www.invisiblestructures.com. ' In addition to the high-quality,professional,experiencetl staff at our main headquarters in Colorado,we have excellent partners represent- ' ing their geographical areas.They are prepared to assist you locally, " ' � .:�.,, r. a, �, ' at al1 levels,with your project needs.Please contact us or check our , web site for your partner name and information, Grasspavelisusedasacooi,stablesuriaceforpicnictablesaracommunitypnol. Contact Information � � � �Y� �4�� � � I11V1S1�12 S�PUCtUPeS,IRC. � � �� � ,�` ��az�:'"�� �� .�,���`�� ��' 1600 Jackson St.Suite 310���• Golden,Colorado 80401,USA � �"� � �` � �� $00-233-1�5�10 overseas and��locally 303 233-$383 �` � �"�� � � � � H , = �„��� h,. Fax 800-233-1522 overseas'and locally 303-233-8282 � � �-� � www.invisiblestructures.com 4 � --- - °~ email:sales@invisiblestructures.com '" Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 Patent No.5,250;340 Held by Wiliiam °> �� ` �� Bohnhoff,ASLA.Copyright 0 2006 ������� � �� ��at i �m� +``�k�t!� �.a�s�".`4"�y4��'�' ��`�i'ti,..'�,wa,rv�'d`p�S t n �»- re.�+ `� �`�'..�i ��"��a����i�z�: � �� �� .,r 3� � � �. ���t�.�..x „w. .. � '� �.. City ofWhite Rock Operations,White Rock,8ritish'Columbia-Gravelpave2 is used` in tne main tlrive aisle ofthe works yard and 6rasspave�is usetl for the parking bays.' { � ��. � � � Graveipave2:Available ��_ Grasspau�and � �'��� `� ���` ���� �����'�..,�.�'}� inseveralrolfsizes. ,,i �i�'`�� p � Gravel avez:Reusable �� � ���� � � � ' � � � �� ,t ���,�` snapconnestorrequires "� � � s � Squares weigh 1.97 kg � � � .,�� �' _, � �� 516s to connect and �� � �'� � a � �� (4.3416)each � a--��, ,�,.-- ' resists 7016s nf � j � "���� ��i�" i1 �` � a �' �"e"*;� , r,0/dlS:C8SE1�W 8lOW0, '�;��' ���� �: �JUII-2polC fOfG@. � � ,_ �"� � �� ��,�� ;��� Biack,Pewter Grey,Terra ��� �"� �,,�: f' �`� '�. Gotta ���-x �`� s � � *� �'� � Resin:HDPE. °'�' ,�� � �` � , ��� . ' ���� Strength:402kg/crrr� �.� .aa.e.�aa (�noF��). � Bun�23�m B.Jnn- 167ari�M1 ,23rm�� � � . . �-.24' 0.3' 33' .�6B' .,� . . _ . ......_.._. 50 ' W .....�19T1 � � .. .. � .......� w.,.. ... .. _. . ._ .._._ .., . .�.,�,.-.�. _,.. _�i;��w*?'4..'�'�.�..�^._ � :f ...���s^. ,. .._ ��.... ..�.c�� ..-.�^;��...._�r..ar�,. .. 24 /�' �-3 i �o i �t,i�Pl � �9PP e� i��'iq i RCVV�y���^�!�P ���r�ti�� 'I�� �V� � �� ���I � � �, , l ���f�4iPl{11��1�0(6� � 4 � i���� p� �� �� i� p �I�l)�IMp� ��I�i�91�r� i��������. ����r��`�� w Sa .�., �; � �� ' t M n� .��... . ��: �:`����. � ` -„�� . . . . . Beachrings?a portable and re-usable Draincore2 conveya�ce layer is used for Rainstore3 is the new standard in e�cient SlopetameZ—much more than an erosion plastic boardwalk system,provides an advanced subsurface and green-roof sub-surface stormwater storage.Rainstore3 cantrol bianket or mat—a completely attractive,comfortable,and slip resistant applications.A replacement ior antiquated is modnlar and stacka6le for versatile site integrated system of rings,grid,fabric, surface for equat access to beaches. French drains,�raincorez can maximize design.Rainstore3 is 94%void space and anchors,and vegetation to control erosion 8eachrings2 also works well for temporary tlrainage(58 gpm per foot witlth)and can be designed for detention,retention, on some of the toughest siopes,channels, vehide access over mud and sand. minimize costs. or water harvesting for re-use. swales and more. Quick Reference Guidefor�rasspave2 and Gravelpave2 �a� �� � � �� � � i� ; � �`���a������� , �� � „'� �,� .�a���'��A ���,. ..� � . ,��,3 x Description Connectable ring and grid system Connectable ring;grid,and integrated fabric Alsa Included Hydrngtow polymer--exclusively for . Geote�ctile fabric molded to grid(exclusive ta ' Grasspave� Gravelpave�}and anchbrs Available in Large,Flexible Rolls Yes,various sizes—see roll chart page 14 Yes;various sizes—see roll chart page 14 Colors < Bl�ck Black,gray,tan,terra cotta,custom colors extra Gomponents Needed for System Base course,sand,labor,sod or seed Base course,lY�'(3.2cm)of'/�s"CO 3�A� (irrigation is recommended) decorative gravel,and labor TrafFic Low speed,intermittenf to rnodeCate use Low speed,unlimited use Cornpressive System Strength Filled:5,721 psi(39273 kPa); Filled:to 5,721 psi(39,273 kPa) Empty:2,100 psi(14,470 kPa) Empty:2,100 psi(14,470 kPa) Life Span 80 years 25 years Recommended Maximum Slope 5%fire lanes,8%carllight truck,15-20%goif 5%fire lanes,8%car/light truck,15-20%golf carts,pedestrian use,and trails carts,pedestrian use,and trails Stormwater Storage Yes � ' Yes Clean Pollutants through Bioremediation Excellent Good Air-Conditioning Effect ' Yes No! Heat Island Mitigation Yes—therma]conductivity,heatstorage capacity, Yes-thermal conductivity,heat storage capacity, density,albedo(.40)and emissivity density,albedo(varies)and emissivity Reduces Runoff and Non-Point Source Pollution Yes Yes Recycied Content 100%recycled HDPE plastic 100%recycled HDPE plastic,remnant fabric ' Erosion Control Yes Yes Airborne Dust Capture and Retention Excellent Good Promotes and Retains Tree Growth Yes Yes Recharges Groundwater Yes Yes ; 1600 Jackson St.,Suite 31Q,Golden,CO 80401,USA � $ 800-233-1510•Fax:800-233-1522 ' ` t�verseas and Ioca1l :303-233-8383�Fax:303-233-82�2 � 1 1' � � ' y Gravelpave2 and Grasspave2 Patent No.5;250,340 y WWW.ITiV1SibleStCUCtu1'eS.COm held by William Bohnhoff,ASLA , „ „� e �. a� emaiI:sales@invisiblestructures.com Copyright�z006 �� �� The H�A Group �andscape Architects & Planners, Inc. Gommunity Qesign•Parks and Recreation°Llrbar�C7esign°Land Planning•Enuironmenfal Qesign MEMORQND�M 1050 Twentieth Street Suite 20d Sacramento,CA Date: November 23,2011 95811 916.447.7400 To: Kim Jordan, City of Ukiah fax 916.447.8270 From: Andrea Strahlo,The HLA Group www.hiagroup.com Re: Wal-Mart Ukiah—Requested Tree Planting Information CR�a a7�o H�A Praject#: 83508 We received an email from Kim Jordan with the City of Ukiah asking us to provide some additional information regarding proper tree well size, soil treatments, soil amendments, proper irrigation and maintenance which could be provided to the Planning Commission.This information could also be ' used to create conditions of approval for the Wal-Mart expansion project in Ukiah, CA. Additianally we were asked about the use of structural soils and if the information she provided was relevant. ! In response to these comments we have the following recommendations. 1. The planter islands in the existing parking lot measure 5' x 7' (35 sf.)from the inside of the curb lines. Other city requirements such as the City of Davis and City of Sacramento have a minimum standard of 6' x 6' (36 sf.).The difference of 1 sf.will not adversely affect the potential growth rate. 2. There are a couple options which could be looked at in regards to the soil treatment/ amendments and replanting trees into the existing planting locations. a. Our first recommendation after the existing trees have been removed would be to ' explore the planter islands to see if the geo-te�ile fabric which was placed during the construction of the parking lot in 1993 (noted in the Geotechnicai report, and Boring locations)was left below the planting areas which wauld have created a ' sheif which the tree roots would not have been able to grow through,thus stunting ' the root growth and overall health. If these conditions exist the fabric would be removed. b. We would then propose over-excavating ali of the existing planting islands to a depth of 36"and replace the existing material with amended topsoil and re- compact it to planting specifications,this would give the tree the adequate root- able volume. c. if additional measures are needed,the use of structural soils could be an option. This`soiP has been designed to allow for the required compaction under pavement while allowing tree roots the ability to spread and provides the necessary void spaces to grow. The soil is comprised of angular stone and soil mixture which is placed in each piantpit, compacted, and then the tree is planted ' directly into it. The main body of research about CU-Soils was conducted by Cornell Universiry which holds the patent to this product and has provided information as to the instailations to date. (See attachment) ' i. Although this has been used in other locations additional research would need to be conducted to determine the viability of using structural soils:It has been noted that the trees benefit from the use of pervious paving above the structurai soils to provide additional aeration and water from runaff. ii. Depending on the volume of structural soils determined for this site the cost cauld approximately$3000 per tree. 3. The replacement and upgrading of existing irrigation equipment would benefit the trees and promote overall heath. With the installation of new watering technologies and a , cc: Jon Romaguera /Tait&Associates ' `s i i f The H�A Group �andscape Architects& Planners, Inc. 1 -- �'� Community Design•Parks and Recreafiion•Urb�n CJesign��and PIai�E�ing��nuironrnental Design watering schedule the trees would be provided supplemental water to help establish the 1050 Twentieth Street roots. Per the existing irrigation plan showing (2)quarter spray heads,the irrigation could suite 200 have been a factor in the stunted grawth of the existing trees if the heads have been Sacramento,cA broken or not maintained. 958�� 4. The proper tree selection will be key when finalizing the planting plan for the parking lot. 9�s.a47.7aoo The trees selected shall be hardy far the adverse conditions associated with parking lots tax s�s.aa7.s27o such as pollution, added heat, and reflective surfacing.The trees will also be selected for �hlagroup:com their ability to adapt to the soils and their watering needs. Proper maintenance#or the CR�A trees will also determine their health and longevity. Having the trees staked properly, 27�0 , pruning,fertilization and protection from damage caused by cars and shopping carts, are just a few examples of ineasures which could be taken to promoting healthy trees. cc: Jon Romaguera /Tait&Associates ' / � f �' �,\II� � i 4'"�►�'`�i1 III �e�� �CON5TEt61�7'IAN PI2tDL1tICTS INC. I r i i - i i r Effective stormwater treatment and off-line bypass in one structure Stormwater treatment BMPs must be designed to convey both the water quality flow,as well as the peak flow generated from a speci�ied�drai�age area. Design engineers ��� ��` �� � ��� � and jurisdictions may prefer to bypass these infrequent, �_�<; �������� �� ��� '� � �, ��� high flows araund the treatment BMP,which eliminates the possibility of washing out captured pollutants. Commonly � referred to as�offline bypass,typically an upstream diversion ��� s��t���=� ���"��� �� structure,additional conveyance pipe,and a downstream junction are required. This can add significant material ar►d �� �, ��� � � ��, k�;;. ��°� � ��� �t:. installation cost to the stormwater treatment system. '� � ���� � , � <::.;„ �}>���� With the new.peak diversion configuration ofthe ` �; ��� �'��� �� ��� ���� � Stormwater Management StormFilter,you have another � � � ��'� ��_;�������ti��� ��`�� ,,:; . .. ��� U ����� aption to incorporate the proven StormFilter technology � ' " �������� f ��" with an off-line bypass in ONE treatment BMP. Similar StormFilter configurations(Curb Inlet,Linear Grate Inlet,and Catch Basin)have been used on sites to provide treatment ��,��, and bypass in one system. Now,the Peak Diversian StormFilter offers this functionality in an end-of-pipe � ;�� solution. Additional structures and their associated cost are not,required. �� �`� ��� � �� Key Benefits: � • Combines ofF-line bypass and the proven StormFilter " � � � � pollutant removal capabilities infio one structure � �� �,� r Q t �� � �'� • Eliminates material and installation cost of ad�ditional � �� � �;`���;�� � � < `�� h�. i*�`�-�`w`„`�1 `� ',�'�W-s���Y���ay���'� t structures ta bypass peak flaws ����;��,��� ��t�,� � ,��z�� �`��y`�� r ti�4����`��� a�1����� �le � ��.` ` ,-, �`t� rned��` Its p����t�d� �;���. � Reduces the overall footprint of�the treatment system, ? sucface��I��n7hg��ys�e!n pi��v�ntssurf�c�bl�nd,�ng,r�h�ch�����'������ ���� avoid�irtg utility and right-of-way conflicts ���exten�ds the�cartridge life'cy��e<�the Storrn�i�ter�`�roven�. ' field-tested perforrnance h�s led to hundreds of stand-alone • Internal weir allows high peak flows with low hydraulic a ' ' ppeovals by�regulatory agencies nationwide,including the � head (osses first proprietary BMP to receive Final Certificatian feam the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection as a ° Up to 36"core openings aceommodate large inlet and standalane stormwater treatment system. outlet pipes for high flow applications CQNTECH Construction Products Inc. � 800.338.1122�www.contech-cpi.com .� �-- � � _ ��, w w• � � w � o F- °. � w o a o J w o ro�` Z � � o m x ¢ w z o '��' tt � W u o'` �y� -` W ... �, � o � o �O m �� o �' J � 3 r ' S - � � xr z �� y o ag W� �� � � � iri o o ° o ��o � �o o� � LL ....... �W N � � �.� � i= uS O � y f1�1 S,` ¢ UJ('l � x� � o o N w c5 �� � � z� o � �F � � � a W�W 3.,ao�a �w. 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N _.. x�.... .-' �� .f ' '' \ ---��� �J �P'� ..� S _�. .. . ..: " . . .. _ .. � ,_� . . ...v": � ^ ��y i .,,-4�'-_-'y'.i•-l_.-_„u�.�;��' '•�..._.. ,_._�_... ....\ �.: � �. ^ . �'. .. a, +al��� ���d i .� ��E'�a� ...�` �. ' . � . E � � I i ^ � 1 i R � � t m u c . w �. u� x. � � € � t��'�C.:�1t'T°t�.-'C1� �' �-' � � Gharley Stump From: Anna Payne<annap3426@yahoo.com> Sent: Monday, January 30, 2Q12 4:45 PM To: Charley Stump Subject: Walmart Expansion Jan. 30th 2012 Charley Stump I am writing this letter to state my feelings on the Walmart people wanting to expand their existing store. ' I am all for them building on ta their store. It will provide a much needed service for the people of ' Ukiah and neighboring communities. The city of Ukiah seems to have na problems building housing for the low income residents. Where do they think these people shop? 1 am inclined to think they shop at Walmart. The parking lot proves that. ' We shop at Walmart because of the affordable prices and also for the free parking. We can shop and ' hurry out to feed a meter. I know it has come down to the traffic situation. People say it would cause accidents because of all the traffic backing up onto 101, It is hard for me to think that everyone would decide to go shopping at Walmart at the same time. Not when the store would be open 24 haurs a day. Walmart has said they are willing to work with the planning commission concerning the traffic problem, if there should be one. We don't believe other stores will close because of Walmart adding on. That is is a worn aut statement If stores do close, it is because of poor management. We have traveled around this country and I knaw that when traveling, we laok for a Super Walmart because they have what we need and it saves time and money. Please give the ga ahead to Walmart to enlarge their stare. This had gone on far to long. Ukiah needs the jobs and the taxes. Thank you, Dave and Anna Lee Payne Ukiah annap3426(cr��yahoo.com . 1 Charley Stump �- �° �- From: Dianne Qurham<dedurham@gmail.com> Sent: Friday, January 27, 2012 2:51 PM To: Charley Stump Subject: Fwd: Comment: Walmart Cuts Heaith Coverage Hella Charley, please see my camments to the Planning Commission below. Thank youi ' ----------Forwarded message ---------- From: Dianne Durham <dedurham cr,�mail.com> Date: Fri, Jan 27, 2012 at l 1:05 AM Subject: Walmart Cuts Back Health Coverage for Employees To: kiordan(a�citvofukiah.cam Hi Kim, Please forward this important additional information on ta the Planning Commissioners: A Walmart representative and current store manager addressed questions re employee benefits at Wednesday's Planning Commission meeting (1/25/12). Unfortunately, there was no time far public camment on this issue. The commissioners sounded totally unaware of a recent cutback in employee healthcare benefits that Walmart has recently enacted, and so I quote below from a New York Times article published Oct. 20, 2011: Wal-Mart is substantially rolling back coverage for part-time workers and significantly raising premiums for many full-time staff. Citing rising costs,Wa1-Mart,the nation's largest private employer, told its employees this week that all future part-time employees who work less than 24 hours a week on average will no longer qualify for any of the company's health insurance plans. In addition, any new employees who average 24 hours to 33 hours a week will no longer be able to include a spouse as part of their health care plan, although children can still be covered . . .the company would not say what percentage of its work force was part time or worked fewer than 24 hours a week. In Wal-Mart's 2012 health offerings, premiums will increase for some plans by more than 4o percent . . . [M]any Wal-Mart employees complain that their low premiums are accompanied by high deductibles that sometimes exceed 2o percent of their annual pay. I implore the cammissioners ta obtain the facts about Walmart's employee benefits from objective sources, not simply from Walmart representatives. You can find the entire article quoted above at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/14/21/businesslwal-mart-cuts-some-health-care- benefits.html?paqewanted=all Sincerely, Dianne Durham ' Ukiah ' � i Charley Stump �- ' �%' From: Jennifer Faso Sent: Monday, January 30, 2012 8:03 AM Ta: Charley Stump Subject: FW: Walmart and County-Wide Poverty Attachments: Wai-Mart and County-Wide Poverty.pdf See below—not sure if you got this also. Jennifer Faso Associate Planner City of Ukiah Planning and Community Development Department 300 Seminary Avenue, Ukiah, CA 95482 (707)463-6206 (707)463-6204 fax ' Email ifaso(a�cityofukiah.com ' website www.cityofukiah.com *�*NEW BUSINESS HQURS.• As a cost saving measure City of Ukiah offices will be ctosed every Friday during FY2011-2012.'�** From: Ron Epstein [mailto:dharmapeace@att.netl ' Sent: Saturday,January 28, 2012 5:56 PM To: Kim�ordan Cc: Jennifer Faso Subject: Walmart and County-Wide Poverty Ms. Jordan, ' Please forward this research article to the members of the planning commission. ' Ron Epstein i ' G- ' "7� Wal-Mart and County-Wide Pove * Stephan J. Goetz, The Pennsylv�tni�z State University Hema Swaminathan, Interndtzon�zl Center for Reseczrch on IYlomen Qbjectives. This study seeks to identify the independent effect of Wal-Mart stores on changes in U.S. family-poverry rates at the counry 1eve1. We draw on the contri- butions of a number of disciplines to enhance our understanding of the broader forces that influence poverty. Methods. A key innovation is that we estimate a two-stage regression model, in which an instrument is created for new Wal-Mart stores from a loeation equation; this reduces any potential endogeneiry bias in the poverry-change equatian. In addition, we use spatial econometric methods to correct for spatial de- ' pendence bias. Results. After controlling for other factors determining changes in the poverty rate over time, we find that counties with more initial (1987) Wal-Mart stores and counties with more additions of stores between 1987 and 1998 experienced greater increases (or smaller decreases) in family-poverty rates during the 1990s economic ' boom period. Conclusions. Wa1-Mart creates both benefits and costs to communities in which the chain locates. These benefits and costs need to be weighed carefu�ly by ' communiry decisionmakers in deciding whether to provide public subsidies to the chain. ', Local leaders and academic researchers are increasingly interested in the ' communiry-level effects of "big box" retailers and discount departrnent stores. Wal-Mart, in particular, has received considerable and mostly neg- ative public media and congressional attention, in addition to spawning a number of hostile websites.r The interest in Wa1-Mart is not surprising as it *Direct correspondence to Stephan J. Goerz, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociolo , 7E Armsby Bldg., The Pennsylvania State Universiry, Universiry Park, PA 16802-5602 �goetzC�psu.edu�. The research underlying this article was supported in part by USDA/CSREES-National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program 2003-35401- 12936. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, August 1-3, 2004 and at the Rural Soci- ological Sociery Annual Meeting in Sacramento, California,August 12-15, 2004. The authors thank session participants and Martin Shields far their comments. Opinions expressed are those of the authors, and their affiliation appears for informational purposes only. Goetz wi11 supply ' data and coding information used in this wark for those wishing to xeplicate the study. ! lA prominent example is (www.walmartwatch.com�; bumper stickers include"SprawlMart sucks the life out of downtown businesses." Other negative coverage includes a recent report that the chain was fined $3.1 million by the EPA for violating for the second time the Clean Water Act by failing to control runoff from its construction sites (Shct Lake Tribune online, May l3, 2004). Anecdotal evidence suggests that Wal-Mart stores increase crime rates or at ', least the cost of dealing with crime (see"Crime Linked to Wal-Mart Overwhelms Small-Town Police,"Dazly News,Huntingdon, PA,May 25,2004,p.7),and a recent report by the advocary ' group Good Jobs First suggests that the chain benefits from substantial public subsidies ' (Mattera and Purinton, 2004). See Miller (2004) far the congressional report. ' SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY, Volume 87, Number 2, June 2006 �2006 Southwestern Social Science Association G'"�-"°'� 212 Social Science Quarterly has no equal among big box retailers. With total revenues of$256 billion in 20Q3, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is the largest corparation in the world. The chain employs 1.3 million workers wor�dwide and operates 4,750 stores (3>600 in the United States). Because of its size, purchasing power, and technological sophistication, the chain is revolutionizing not only the in- dustrial organization of local retail trade, but also the entire wholesale, transpartation, and logistics sector. �3usinesstYjeek recently described the , "Wal-Mart effect" in a cover story,2 referring to the corporation's cost efficiency that has contributed to economy-wide productiviry gains and reduced the annual rate of inflation by about one percentage point. On the other hand, Wal-Mart has been blamed for the loss of U.S. manufacturing jobs and the demise of mom-and-pop-type retailers. This study examines the impact of Wa1-Mart stores on counry-level fam- ' ily-poverry rates in the United States. The analysis is relevant to local pol- , icymakers as they debate the pros and cons of ha�ing Wal-Mart and other ' "big box" retailers locate in their communities. The attraction of such retailers has been viewed as a strategy for stimulating local economic growth (e.g., Ketchum and Hughes, 1997). However, retail stores have a much ' sma�ler net economic impact on local econamies than da manufacturing firms, for example. In particular, retail stores are usually part of what econ- omists call the nonbasic sector, which exists solely to serve the so-called basic ' sector. The basic sector commonly includes agriculture, mining, and man- I ufacturing, and it is responsible for exporting goads and services that bring ' "new money" into a community. As this new money is spent and respent in the community, economic growth occurs. Although important (because it supports the basic sector), the nonbasic sector daes not play this rale of bringing in new money and it therefore makes a much smaller contribution ' to 1oca1 economic growth over time than does the basic sector. ' Wal-Mart and Poverty There are a number of possible reasons why the presence of a Wal-Mart store may exert an independent effect on poverry rates in a community, that ! is, exert a residual effect after other determinants of paverry have been taken into account. The first and perhaps most direct effect is the demise of ' existing mom-and-pop-rype operations that is caused by the arrival of Wal- ' Mart in a communiry. We hypothesize that this in turn may have a number of consequences. ' Poverry rates will rise if retail workers displaced from existing mom-and- pop-type operations work for Wal-Mart at lower wages because they have no alternatives (this assertion has been contested in the literature), all else equal. Although Wal-Mart is estimated to employ no more than 2 percent of the 2See the C�ctober �, 2003 issue. G--_' �Fj LY�aI-M�rt and County-LY�ide Poverty 213 average counry's workforce, there is at least anecdotal evidence that the arrival of the chain also forces other local retailers to reduce wages in order ta remain competitive. A1so, the share of Wal-Mart's employment in total caunty retail jobs is substantially greater than only 2 percent. In add'rtion, the Wal-Mart jobs may be part time as opposed ta fUll time, leading to lower family incomes, all else equaL A perhaps more profound effect, and one that has not been discussed in the literature, is that the demise of mom-and-pop stores leads to the closing of local businesses that previously supplied those stores: wholesalers, trans- parters, logistics providers, accountants, lawyers, and others. Many of these are higher-paying jobs. Wal-Mart handles a11 or most of these service funo- tions through its headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, providing tremen- , dous labor-saving scale economies. This consolidation and rationalization of the local retail supply chain potentially devastates Iocal �abor markets in smaller communities. As a reviewer pointed out, it is unlikely that the incomes of lawyers, bankers, and accountants wha provided services to the local stores fall below the poverry line after the chain store's arrival. How- ever, it is likely that these more highly-educated individuals depart from the rural community in pursuit of better opportunities elsewhere, contributing ' to the rural-to-urban exodus over the last decade, leaving behind those with ' fewer apportunities and raising the poverry rate by reducing the number of nonpoor households in the denominator. It may not be desirable or even possible to stop these trends, but it is important to be aware of and understand them. In the future, with the introductian of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, Wal-Mart is poised to become even more efficient in deploying workers in the stores ! themselves.3 A reduced demand for workers in specific communities trans- lates into lower wages (with minimum wages serving as a floor) if the supply of workers remains constant. Even though Wal-Mart presents itself as a "good local citizen" and en- gaged in local philanthropy through the Sam Walton Foundation in the ; amaunt of$106.9 million in 2003 alone,4 this rype of philanthropy may not , ' be as extensive or effective as that which the displaced mom-and-pop-rype stores would have provided. A perhaps more subtle effect may be that by destroying the local class of entrepreneurs, the Wal-Mart chain also destroys ' local leadership capaciry. Rural sociologists and others have pointed to this ' as one outcome of the increasing concentration of nonlocal bank ownership and the resulting branch plant economy that is believed to have destroyed ' the pool of local leadership talent. 3For example,with this technology a single worker can potentially keep track of 10 check- out lines because a cart containing purchases can be scanned in a matter of seconds without items even being rernoved from the shopping cart. 4See (http://www.wffhome.com/Grant%20Awards.htm�, accessed May 8, 2004. This amount represents abaut one-tenth of 1 percent of the estimated wealth of the Wa1-Mart heirs. Z- 7 214 Social Science Quarterly The destruction of sma11, locally owned businesses may also reduce social capital levels, as argued, for example, by Cornell Universiry's T. Lyson (Personal Communication, 2002). Social capital, or civic capacity, is an essential ingredient for economic growth to occur, according to Harvard Universiry's Robert Putnam and, rnore recently, Skinner and Staiger (2005), who show that this variable is even more important than certain economic factors in explaining why some regions lag behind others. This elimination of local leaders as a key graup of entrepreneurs may be the single-most important and far-reaching impact of Wal-Mart Corp. In summary, detractors have consistently argued that because Wal-Mart jobs are low paying, and the hours worked are often less than 40 per week, these jobs do not help families transition out of poverry. BusinessWeek re- ports that the average wage for an "associate" in 2001 was $8.23 per haur, for an annual income of$13,861, which was below the federal poverry line ' for a family of three at that time. Although individual workers have the ' option of working or not working for Wal-Mart, a public policy issue arises ' if the chain creates externalities that raise poverry 1evels in the communiry. ' In that case, both the demand for and eligibility to participate in welfare programs increase, leading not only ta new claims an t� dollars but also a dis-utiliry for those who are concerned about paor people living in their communiry. The Wal-Mart phenomenon is such that the chain seeks to minimize its workers' pay, while the rents captured by the Walton heirs place them among the 10 wealthiest Americans.s I Two important issues arise here. First, even if Wal-Mart raises poverry rates, it also lowers prices to consumers (at least in the short run), thereby in effect lowering the real poverry threshold. It should be noted, however, that ' the poverry rate is inflation adjusted, so this beneficial effect of the chain is ' already reflected in the poverry rate measured at any paint in time. If the winners can compensate the losers, then the presence of a Wal-Mart store is still Pareto aptimal. We are not able to address this question in the present study. Second, the increased cost to t�payers resulting from the increased eligibiliry for welfare payments (caused by Wal-Mart) need to be added to any other subsidies that the chain may receive in exchange for opening ! a store, such as infrastructure improvements. These subsidies are dollar-for- ' dollar transfers to the corporation's bottom line. SAs reported in Forbes magazine (20Q3 Special Issue on the 400 Richest People in Amer- ica),widow Helen R.Walton and heirs S.Robson,John T.,Jim C.,and Alice L.Walton each ' had a wealth of$20.5 billion in 2003. Alternatively, at a combined total of$1025 billion, the Walton wealth is twice that controlled by Microsoft Chairman William H. Gates. Only three individuals had greater wealth in 2003: William H. Gates with $46 billion, Warren Buffett with $36 billion, and Paul A11en (also of Microsoft), $22 billion.As a comparison to the annual earnings of an associate worker of appro�mately$14,000,assuming a conservative ' annual rate of return on the Wal-Mart wealth of 1 percent in 2003, each of the five heirs would have earned an income of$205 m°rllion in 2003. ' � �� I-UaI-M�t�t and County-Wide Poverty 215 The Impact of Wal-Mart: Previous Literature Popular press articles on Wal-Mart focus on the eompany's nonunioni- zation palicy and the provision of part-time jobs with low wages and few benefits, along with impacts on the environment, congestion, and crime rate (see footnote 1). In the academic literature, considerable attention has also been paid to retail restructuring caused by the chain (e.g., Artz and McConnon, 2001; Stone, 1997; Franklin, 2001; Huang et al., 2002), usually focusing on loss of retail employment, decreases in the number of establish- ments, and decline of downtown shopping areas. However, with some excep- , tions (e.g., Vias, in press), these articles are based on case studies for specific ' states or on anecdotal evidence. There are no academic studies that examine the impact of Wal-Mart on counry-wide family-poverry rates, or contempo- raneous changes in those rates aver time. Likewise, we were unable to locate any econometric study of Wal-Mart's location strategy at the 1eve1 of all U.S. counties (Graff, 1998 describes �al-Mart Supercenter locations relative to locations of distribution centers and counry populations). ' Basker's path-breaking study examines the effect of Wal-Mart expansions on retail employment in 1,749 counties over a 23-year period and concludes ' (2002:19) "that Wal-Mart entry has a small positive effect on retail employ- ment at the counry level while reducing the number of small retail estab- ' lishments in the counry." Basker also finds small reductions in wholesale ' employment and no effeet in those sectors in which the chain does not se11 goods or services (specifically, restaurants and motor vehicle sales and services). On balance, she concludes that a decade after a Wal-Mart store's entry into a communiry (2002:17), "the estimated effect on total [counry] employment . . . is statistically zero." Basker's work has two potential shorteomings, how- ' ever: the use of a limited set of counties (truncated at ernployment levels above ' 1,500 in 1964, which may have eliminated some of the most interesting ' counties), and the choice only of employment as an impact measure (albeit an ' important one). Given the data with which she was working, Basker also was ! unable ta distinguish between full- and part-time employment. ' Hicks and Wilburn (2001) evaluate the effect of Wal-Mart stores on the retail trade sector in both the counry in which the store is located and in adjacent counties in southern West Virginia using spatial analysis. They ', control for potential reverse causation (endogeneiry) between population ' growth and entrance of Wal-Mart, but this raises the question of whether population growth is even a factor in Wal-Mart's location strategy (see also Franklin, 2001). Hicks and Wilburn cite the wark of Vance and Scott (1992), who argued that the costs of a Wal-Mart were not as high as the benefits. Hicks and Wilburn conclude (20Q1:312) that there "is clearly a net ' benefit to employment and wages in having a Wa1-Mart locate in a counry." ' Furthermore, they note (2001:313) that "the criticisms leveled against Wal- Mart are a familiar refrain . . . [and that] local monopolies may have a great deal to lose from entrance by firms that enjoy, and exploit, economies of �v-— � 216 Social Science Quarterly scale." As already noted, these conclusions are based on results from a specific region in a single state. Ketchum and Hughes (1997) studied Wa1-Mart's effects on employment and wages in Maine and failed to find support for the claim made by Wal- Mart's opponents that the entry of the firm harms local economic growth because of a negative effect on wages, employment levels, or the number of retail establishments. In their subsequent study of 19 communities in Maine ' that received a Wal-Mart between 1992 and 1995, Artz and McConnon (2001:24) find that the introduction of a Wal-Mart store leads to "significant changes in retail market structure" both in the town hosting the store and in adjacent communities. In his study of rural Iowa counties, Stone (1997) con- cludes that no single recent phenomenon has had a larger adverse impact on rural Iowa communities than mass discounr merchandisers (i.e.,Wal-Mart).As nated, all these studies are limited in that they focus on data frorn only a few ' counties or individual states. None focuses on counry-wide poverty rates. Estimatian Strategy, Hypotheses, and Data Our estimation strategy is simple and yet provides a relatively powerful ' test of the independent effect of Wal-Mart on changes in poverry rates in a ' communiry. The strategy is also innavative in that we correct for likely simultaneity (reverse causation) in the phenomenon of which we are trying to measure the impact—that is, the new Wal-Mart stores—using a common two-stage procedure that is based on instrumental variables (IV) estimation. In ather words, it could be that Wal-Mart locates in communities that are poar because poverry is a widely claimed characteristic of their shoppers, or the communities are poor because Wal-Mart is located in them. As described in more detail below, we get around the statistical problem by following the standard procedure of first modeling Wal-Mart store lo- cations econometrically and then using predicted values of these locations in the second-stage (primary) regression. In the second-stage regression, we add ' the following two treatment effects to an equation adapted from Levernier, Patridge, and Rickman (2000) that explains spatial variation in poverry rates: the initial number of Wal-Mart stores, at the beginning of the period over which the change in the poverty rate is measured, and the instrumented ' variable reflecting the change in Wa1-Mart stores over the decade of interest, ' which is by construction purged of any simultaneity bias. ' This sets a fairly high standard of statistical evidence for establishing any effect of Wa1-Mart on poverry: we control for initial pover'ry rates as well as other known determinants of poverry, and examine the ceteris paribus or ' independent treatment effect of adding Wa1-Mart stores on the chrznge in the poverry rate over the subsequent period. Of equal importance, using the change in, rather than the level of, the poverry rate reduces the effect of spatia� cost-of-�iving differences on the change in actual or real poverry ' �--- JQ tiUal-Mart and County-Wide Poverty 217 experienced over the period of analysis (so long as one can assume that the relative differences in costs among places did not vary materially over time). Furthermore, we control for the presence of Wal-Mart stores at the be- ginning of the period over which change in poverty is calculated, allowing us to examine the effect both of initir�l stores and of additions of Wal-Mart stores on the change in poverty. Our study also represents a more com- prehensive test of the chain's effect in that we do nat merely compare employment and wages in specific retail sectors before and after Wal-Mart enters a community, but rather the communiry-wide effect af such an entry (if any). Our choice of the period 1989-1999 (conditioned by data avail- abiliry) to measure poverry coincides with the booming "New Economy" decade of the 199Qs, during which average counry-level family-poverry rates nationwide fe11 from 13.1 to 10.7 percent (U.S. Census Bureau). U.S. counties are the unit of analysis and the data are obtained from ', a variery of secondary sources. The use of counry-level data is an increas- j ingly common approach to understanding spatial social and economic processes; for a recent example, see Hooks et aL (2004). The present research also draws heavily on the work of Rupasingha and Gaetz (2003) and Jensen, Goetz, and Swaminathan (in press), who analyze the structural de- terminants af poverty in the United States, including local social capital and political influence. As noted above, since the locatian of Wa1-Mart stores is likely to be nonrandom or systematic, that is, Wal-Mart location decisions are based on ' identifiable counry characteristics, we account for potential reverse causation ' or simultaneity in the location decision using instrumental variables esti- j mation. To do this, we first have to specify a madel that "explains" how Wal-Mart chooses sites for its stores, and we draw on the establishment location literature to specify this equat'ron. Kilkenny and Thisse (1999) ' contains a survey of location decisions in the retail sector, while earlier work on retailers includes Craig, Ghosh, and McLafferry (1984) and Vandell and ', Carter (1993). More recently, Shields and Kures (in press) develop a profit- maYimizing spatially-referenced model of retail store locations. We also use spatial econometric methods to test for the effects of spatial clustering. This allows us to examine spatial spillovers across county borders that are nat already captured in the pull factor, which measures per-capita retail spending in a counry relative to the national average. Counties with ' higher pull factors, also known as retail hubs, tend to attract shoppers from ' surrounding counties, while counties with lower pu11 factors lose such shoppers. The spatial econometric methods remove any remaining statistical noise or bias in the results that could arise from the fact that a Wal-Mart stare can have an effect on neighboring counties beyond the pu11 factor. This is accomplished by means of a so-called spatial-weights matrix, which ex- plicitly captures the contiguiry relationship among ar distance between every single county. Conceptually, with U.S. counry-level data, this is a matrix ' consisting of over 3,t�OD rows by more than 3,000 columns. �- 1 � 218 S�ocial Science Quarterly The follawing model is estimated recursively. We start with the Wal-Mart store location equation that is used to obtain the instrumental variable estimate. dWMo+t = f i(�o�POVo,WMo) ��) � We then include this instrumental variable estimate in the second-stage equation, which represents the change in the poverry rate over the decade. OPOVo+t = fa(`P�oa POVo,WMo,�IX�Mo+t) ��) Here, �'UN10 is the number of Wa1-Mart stores in 19$7, OWMo+t the net change in stores between 1987 and 1998,� OLtUMo+t is the change predicted (instrumented) from Equation (1), SZo contains variables influencing the Wal- Mart location decision, POVo is the beginning of period (1989) poverty rate, �POVo+t the change in the poverty rate over the decade, and`IJO incorporates variables affecting the change in the poverry rate over the decade. In terms of the variables included in S2o in the store location Equation (1), we hypothesize that Wal-Mart locates its stores in counties with a high retail pull factor, interstate highway access, more female-headed households and female labor force participation (ta have a larger pool of workers), longer commuting tirnes to work (which increase the opportuniry cost of tirne spent shopping), more purchasing power as reflected in earnings and educational attainment, and that it avoids cornmunities with e�sting Wal-Mart stores. By ' including the initial poverry rate, we also are able to test empirically whether Wal-Mart is drawn into communities with higher poverty rates. ! In addition, we hypothesize that communities with higher levels of social ' capital, greater political competition, and more self-employed workers are better able to organize to prevent Wal-Mart stores from locating in their communities. Wal-Mart avoids counties with higher population density (at least until recently) in part because of higher land costs in these counties, and while the chain has traditionally located in rural communities, it also avoids sparsely populated, more remote places. We include state fixed effects , to, among other factors, capture differences in state policy and population ' growth rates that may affect Wal-Mart's location strategy. Finally, this ' equation is formulated as a Tobit model because the dependent variable is for practical purposes censored at zero.� Ignoring this fact would create a downward bias in the coefficient estimates, and their effects would be un- derstated (this is also known as attenuation of the slope). ' For the specification of regressors in the change-in-poverty equation (�o), ', we draw on Levernier, Patridge, and TZickman (2000) and on Rupasingha and Goetz (2003), who model poverry as a function of individual-level characteristics, economie factors, social capital variables, and political factors. We use six variables that have not been used previously in analyses of poverry �The beginning year was chosen to coincide with the U.S. Economic Census of 1987 and to precede the year 1989 for the poverry measure, while 1998 was chosen to be as close as possible to and yet precede the 1999 poverry measure. 7About 1 percent of counties (31) had a smaller number of stores in 1998 than in 1987. ' 2-- 1 Z- IX�dI-ll�l�zrt and County-tX�ide Poverty 219 rates. The first is political competition, which is measured as the degree to which the county voted for one presidential candidate over another in 1992, relative to the nation (Levitt and Poterba, 1999). The argument here is that the more closely the county voting behavior follows the nation's, the greater the competition among 1oca1 political parties and the stronger is the pressure on elected leaders to reduce poverry.$ The second variable is a counry-level social capital index created by , Rupasingha, Goetz, and Freshwater (in press). This variable captures the densiry of local associations that are conducive to forming social capital (such as civic and social organizations), voter participation rates, participatian in the national (1990) Census, and the density of nonprofit organizations in the counry. Counties with higher stocks of social capital are expected to be in stronger positions to reduce poverry rates over time. A third new variable is the counry's self-employment rate, measured as the share of self-employed workers in total employrnent. We hypothesize that in counties in which workers show greater initiative—by working for themselves—the capaciry to reduce poverry rates over time is greater than in counties where workers tend ' to work primarily for others through wage-and-salary employment. The fourth variable is the (gross) loss of jobs due to the North American Free Trade Agreemenr (NAFTA), as certified by the U.S. Department of Labor starting in 1994. Although there are problems with the certification process for Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), including this variable al- lows us to gauge at least in a preliminary manner the local irnpacts of the federal policy underlying this important international trade agreement. We measure these job losses as a percent of total existing employment in the counry, and hypothesize that greater relative job losses weakened the abiliry of counties to reduce poverty rates over the decade. The fifth variable is an ethnic diversity index based on Alesina, Baqir, and Easterly (1999}. This ' variable captures the odds that two individuals drawn randomly from a ' counry's population are from different ethnic groups. A higher value implies greater ethnic fractionalization and less agreement on public policies (A1e- I sina and Rodrick, 1996) that could lead to poverry alleviation. Finally, we examine the ratio of so-called maintenance to total expen- ditures in each county's budget. Rauch (1995) separates public spending ' into longer-terrn investments, such as education, roads, and bridges, and shorter-term expenditures on projects that represent consumption rather ' than investment, such as greater relative expenditures an motor vehicle pools or public parks and flower gardens. He argues that a higher ratio of this variable means that elected local leaders who are making the counry spend- i ing decisions are more interested in short-term political gains (patronage) than in longer-term economic growth that would reduce poverry. 8A reviewer pointed out that this is a resurrection of the o1d argument by political scientist V. O. Key. The concept of political competition is now being used by both sociologists and economists as a potential factor influencrng economic growth and poverty. �� � � 22Q Social Science Quarterly We add to this poverry-change equation the beginning period number of Wal-Mart stores (WMo) as well as the change in the number of stores �D�Mo+c) over time, instrumented using Equation (1). We also control for state fixed effects in this equation. Because poverty tends to occur in clusters at the counry level, we also test for spatial dependence bias. Wal-Mart store location information for 1987 and 1998 is obtained from the Directory of Chazn Stares and from the Wal-Mart edition of the Rr�nd McNally Atlas. The dependent variable is extracted from the 2000 U.S. ' Census Summary File 3 data sets. The county-level variables describing structural forces, political involvement, and measures of social capital are compiled from a variety of secondary data sources and described in mare detail in Rupasingha, Goetz, and Freshwater (in press) or Rupasingha and Goetz (2Q03). Results: Discussion ' Summary statistics for the regressors are reported in the Append�. Table 1 provides regression coefficients for determinants of net new Wal-Mart store locations between 1987 and 1998. The retail pu11 factor, e�sting Wal-Mart stores (WMo), adults with a college degree, socia� capital stocks, self-employ- ment, interstate highway access, commuting time, and earnings power each have the expected signs and are statistically significant at below the 1 percent I level. The effect af population density is negative, al1 else equal and as expected. '' In terms of state fixed effects, the following states had more new Wal- Mart stores (relative to Wyoming): Arizona, California, Florida, Indiana, ' Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesata, New Hampshire, North ' Caralina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, West Virginia, and Wiscon- sin. Especially noteworthy is the absence of Nevada from this list, despite the fact that no state experienced more rapid population growth in relative terms over the period studied. In contrast, Pennsylvania is one of the slowest- growing states in the nation, and yet it attracted a number of stores. From ' this we conclude that rapid population growth may nat be a prerequisite for the Wa1-Mart Carporation to locate new stores. We next turn to our equation of primary interest, the change in the ' poverry rate.� Holding constant the initial (1989) poverty rate, the results ', show that counties with more Wa1-Mart stores (in 1987) had a higher ' poverry rate in 1999 (or a smaller reduction in the rate) than did counties with fewer or na Wal-Mart stores in 1987. Equally important, counties in �The mean of the dependent variable is negative(average poverry rates dropped nationwide during the 1990s); therefore, a positive coefficient estimate ln Table 1 indicates that a higher value of the exogenous variable (regressor) caused a smalCer reduction than average in the poverty rate (the variable essentially contributed to a higher ending period poverty rate), ' while a negative coefficient estimate implies that the independent variable contributed to ' greater reductions in poverry. ' �.-- � � Wizl-Mr�rt and County-Wzde Poverty 221 TABLE 1 Wal-Mart Tobit Store Location and SEM Poverty Equations Variable Coeif. t Statistic Coeff. t Statistic Constant -1.094 -3.90*** 13.536 14.0*** Family-poverty rate, 1989 -0.009 -2.19** --0.518 -34.2*** Initial stores, 1987 -0.036 -3.46*** 0.099 2.14** New stores(predicted) 0.204 2.36** Interstate highway 0.055 2.60*** Retail market area pull factor 0.288 7.24*** Earnings/job 0.027 3.21*** Property ta>c per capita -0.006 -1.08 Population densiry x 1,000 -0.020 -3.05*** (per square mile) Average commuting time to work 0.016 4.49*** (minutes) Households with more than -0.019 -5.18*** 3 vehicles Female-headed households 0.006 1.48 Female labor force participation rate 0.005 2.03** -0.067 -622*** High school plus, no college 0.006 2.17** -0.097 -10.2*** College graduate 0.010 4.33*** -0.027 -2.00** Self-employment rates -0.015 -4.94*** -0.044 -4.85*** Employment growth -0.074 -0.11 Employment rate -0.088 -4.46*** Industrial churning 0.032 2.35** Agriculture-sector employment 0.016 1.64 Goods employment -0.014 -1.76* Transportation employment -0.019 -0.99 , Wholesalelretail employment -0.014 -0.98 Finance, insurance, real -0.047 -1.51 ' estate employment Service-sector employment 0.018 1.53 ' Job losses to NAFTA 0.082 3.18*** ' Population 0-17 years of age 0.130 6.49*** ', Population 18-24 years of age -0.013 -0.74 ' Population 65 years of -0.025 -1.20 ' age and above Nonblack minority 0.022 2.99*** , Stayers(predicted nonmigrants) 3.920 3.04*** ' Foreign-born population -0.011 -0.65 Ethnic index 3.306 8.45*** Income inequality 1.496 4.19*** Federal grants/capita 0.0002 2.28** Rauch measure -0.0004 -0.07 Political competition -0.0001 -0.03 0.019 3.03*** Social capital index -0.032 -2.40** -0.187 -4.13*** NONMET4 -Q.170 -4.20*** 0.426 2.32** NONM�I"5 -0.099 -2.15** 0.701 3.33*** NONME-f6 -0.177 -5.62*** 0.135 1.01 NONMET7 -0.156 -4.30*** 0.514 3.43*** NONMET8 -0.537 -7.13*** 0.170 0.96 NONMET9 -0.513 -8.41*** 0.580 3.15*** Lambda(spatial parameter) 0.404 55.3*** *Significant at the 10% IeveL ' **Significant at the 5% IeveL ***Significant at the 1% or lower IeveL (voTE: SEM refers to the spatial errcr modeL .--- 2-�- 1 � 222 Social Science Quarterly which new Wal-Mart stores were built between 1987 and 1998 also ex- perienced higher poverry rates, ceteris paribus. The marginal effect of an- other Wal-Mart store on the average poverry rate was 0.204, while that of each existing store was 0.099 percentage points. These results have potentially profound implications for public policy related to big box operations. In particular, the chain is not the engine of local economic growth that the company's spokespersons and public rela- tions materials suggest. It is of no small consequence that, after controlling for other determinants of changes in poverry rates, residual variation remains in the dependent variable that can be accounted for by the presence of Wa1- ' Mart stores, and this at a statistically significant level. To test the robustness of this finding, we estimated a supplementary equation with changes in food stamp payments per capita (utilization) over the corresponding decade as the dependent variable, and initial food stamp usage in 1989 as an additional regressor.10 Our resu�ts for the reestirnated ' equatian are as follows. First, the predicted change or growth in Wa1-Mart ' stores over the decade has a statistically significant, positive effect on changes in food starnp payments per capita over the decade; at 4.14, the t statistic is higher than that in the current equation. Second, the effect of initial (1987) ' Wal-Mart stores on changes in food stamps per capita is not statistically different from zero. We suspect that this is due to tl�e inclusion in the equation not only of initial Wal-Mart stores and the initial poverry rate (1989) but also the initial level of food stamp payments per capita in 1989. ' More specifically, multicollineariry may make it impossible for the initial ! Wal-Mart stores to exert an effect that is independent from that of initial ' food stamp payments per capita. Thus, our results provide clear evidence I that the spread of Wal-Mart stores during the 1990s was associated with ' higher usage of food stamps per capita, or with smaller reductions in this variable, holding other factors constant, including whether a Wal-Mart store was present at the beginning of the decade. The public costs that the chain imposes by raising the poverty rate suggest ' that public infrastructure subsidies may not be warranted or, as a minimum, ' that these two rypes of costs need to be added together to assess the overall ' cost of the chain to a communiry. The question remains for future research ' of how these effects on poverry operate through ane or a11 of the six factors identified above. Our analysis does not allow us to determine the relative importance of these factors in explaining the results. Even so, we believe that ' both in terms of substance and policy relevance, a focus in future work on ' the effect of big boxes an local social capital and civic capaciry has the potential to generate the largest payoffs. The other eoefficients in Equation (2} generally had the signs expected ; based on earlier studies. In terms of the measures that have not been used previously in poverry studies, more job losses due to NAFTA, greater ethnic iOWe thank a reviewer for suggesting this additional test , Z-- ) (,o Wal-M�trt�nd County-Wide Poverty 223 diversity, less political competition, smaller self-employment rates, and lower levels of social capital each were associated with smaller reductions in poverry rates over the decade, as hypothesized (the coefficient estimate for the Rauch measure did not differ statist'rcally from zero). Finally, we discuss shortcomings of our work as suggestions for areas of improvement in future endeavors. As noted by a reviewer, our study involves only two points in time (although our data represent events and processes that occurred over an entire deeade); we do not measure the size of the Wal-Mart store (e.g., there are differences between Supercenters and regular stores); and we are forced to cancentrate on only a single chain—Wa1-Mart rather than examining the effects of all big boxes. To the extent that Wal-Mart is the ', industry pacesetter, however, this appears to be reasonable. As noted above, ' and this is one innovation of aur work, we do control for the effect of stores on neighboring counties using spatial econometric methods. Summary and Conclusion After carefully and eomprehensively accounting for other local determi- ' nants of changes in poverry, we find that the presence of Wal-Mart was unequivocally associated with smaller reductions in family-poverry rates in U.S. counties during the 1990s relative to places that had no stores. This was ' true not only in terms of existing stores in a county in 1987, but also an ' independent outcome of new stores built between 1987 and 1998. The ' question of whether the cost of relatively higher poverry in a counry is offset by the benefits of lower prices and wider choices available to consumers associated with a Wal-Mart store cannot be answered here. ' However, if Wal-Mart does contribute to a higher poverty rate, then it is not bearing the full economic and social costs of its business practices. In- stead, Wal-Mart transfers income from the working poor and from t�payers, though welfare programs directed at the poor, to stockholders and the heirs of the Wal-Mart fortune, as well as to consumers. These transfers are in addition to the public infrastructure subsidies often provided by local communities. Regardless of the distributional effects, the empirical evidence shows that the ' Wal-Mart business model extracts cumulative rents that exceed thase earned ' by owners of other corporations, including Microsoft and Home Depot: In conclusion, the costs to communities in terms of labor displacement ' and higher poverty need to be weighed against the benefits of lower prices ' and greater shopping convenience. Similarly, once local businesses have been driven out, the possibiliry of monopolies or oligopolies emerging in retailing (both on the input and the output side} needs to be considered carefully by ' public policymakers.11 1�One dimension of this is the vast amount of information held by Wal-Mart on consumer ' purchasing decisions. According to some estimates, the amount of information stored on Wa1-Mart computers is twice that available on the entire World Wide Web. � - � . A#�act��enf # � /� mr � o rn N o � _...;:..':.. . N .� � � � . ', �P.:Y � k . 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