HomeMy WebLinkAbout02082012 - packet CITY OF UKIAH
PLANNING COMMISSION AGENDA
February 8, 2012
6:00 P.M.
1. CALL TO ORDER 6:00 P.M. CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS
UKIAH CIVIC CENTER, 300 SEMINARY AVENUE
2. ROLL CALL COMMISSIONERS BRENNER, DOBLE, SANDERS,
WHETZEL, AND CHAIRPERSON PRUDEN
3. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
4. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
The minutes from the December 14, 2011, December 20, 2011, January 11, 2012, and
January 25, 2012 meetings will be available for review and approval at the February 22,
2012 meeting.
5. COMMENTS FROM AUDIENCE ON NON-AGENDA ITEMS
The Planning Commission welcomes input from the audience. In order for everyone to
be heard, please limit your comments to three (3) minutes per person and not more
than ten (10) minutes per subject. The Brown Act regulations do not allow action to be
taken on audience comments.
6. APPEAL PROCESS
All determinations of the Planning Commission regarding major discretionary planning
permits and associated California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) determinations are
final unless a written appeal, stating the reasons for the appeal, is filed with the City
Clerk within ten (10) days of the date the decision was made. An interested party may
appeal only if he or she appeared and stated his or her position during the hearing on
the decision from which the appeal is taken. For items on this agenda, an appeal must
be received by the City Clerk no later than Monday, February 21, 2012 at 5:00 p.m.
7. SITE VISIT VERIFICATION
8. VERIFICATION OF NOTICE
9. PUBLIC HEARINGS
A. Walmart Expansion Project Site Development Permit and Statement of
Overriding Considerations (File Nos.: 09-28-SDP-PC and 09-42-EIR-
PC). Conduct a public hearing, receive public comment, provide Planning
Commission comment, and provide direction to staff on the Walmart Expansion
Project 1) Major Site Development Permit and associated modifications to
landscaping requirements, and 2) Statement of Overriding Considerations. The
Americans with Disabilities Act Accommodations. Please be advised that the City needs to be notified 72 hours
in advance of a meeting if any specific accommodations or interpreter services are needed in order for you to attend.
The City complies with ADA requirements and will attempt to reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities
upon request. Please call (707)463-6752 or(707)463-6207 to arrange accommodations.
Project is located at 1155 Airport Park Boulevard, APN 180-070-38, in the Airport
Industrial Park Planned Development (AIP PD). The project proposes a 47,621
square foot expansion of the existing 109,030 square foot store, for a total
square footage of 156,651 to include expanded general merchandise floor area
and expanded grocery sales floor area, indoor and outdoor garden centers, as
well as the possibility of distilled alcohol sales, and a medical clinic and/or vision
center on a 13.44 acre site. Also included as part of the project is a change in
store hours to 24 hours per day, seven days per week, modifications to the
design of the exterior of the building, the addition of new parking spaces,
modifications to the landscaping, and other associated site improvements.
The proposed Project requires approval of a Major Site Development Permit, two
modifications to the AIP PD landscaping requirements, and adoption of a
Statement of Overriding Considerations. As part of the Major Site Development
Permit, the Planning Commission will consider the applicant's request for
approval of modifications to the AIP PD landscaping requirements for
landscaping lot coverage and shade coverage. Approval of the project would also
require a Statement of Overriding Considerations for the significant and
unavoidable Traffic impacts identified in the Walmart Expansion EIR. This item
was continued from the November 9, 2011, December 14, 2011,
7anuary 11, 2012, and the 7anuary 25, 2012 Planning Commission
meetings.
10. PLANNING DIRECTOR'S REPORT
11. PLANNING COMMISSIONERS' REPORT
12. AD70URNMENT
Americans with Disabilities Act Accommodations. Please be advised that the City needs to be notified 72 hours
in advance of a meeting if any specific accommodations or interpreter services are needed in order for you to attend.
The City complies with ADA requirements and will attempt to reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities
upon request. Please call (707)463-6752 or(707)463-6207 to arrange accommodations.
1 ITEM NQ. 9A
� FF := Community Develapment and Planning Department
� Y j£Sl .
�i�� � ��� 300 Seminary Avenue
£,, :,: �,.> Ukiah, CA 95482
y planninq�c�citYofukiah.com �
{707)463-6203
2
3 DATE: February 8, 2012
4
5 TO: Planning Commission '
6
7 FR(3M: Charley Stump, Director of Planning and Community Development
8 '
9 SUBJECT: Wal-Mart Expansion Project Site Development Permit, Landscaping
ZD Modifications, and Statement of Overriding Considerations
11 1155 Airport Park Boulevard, APN 180-070-38, Airport Industrial Park
12 File Nas. 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28.-EIR-PC
13 This item was continued from the November 9, 2019, December 14, 2011,
14 January 1�f, 2012, and January 25, 20�2 Planning Commissian meefings
15
16 Summary: At the January 25, 2012 Planning Commission meeting, the Commission opened
17 the public hearing for the Wal-Mart Site Development Permit (SDP) and associated landscaping
18 modifications, received pubic comment, received a presentation from the applicants, and began
19 deliberations on the SDP. Due to time limitations, the Commission did not have an opportunity
20 to discuss and deliberate on the Statement of Overriding Considerations.
21
22 After considerable discussion on the Site Development Permit, the Commission developed a list
23 of additional information it needed to fully understand the project. The applicants agreed ta
24 provide the information to the best of its ability, and the Commission, with the concurrence of
25 the applicants continued the matter to February 8, 2012.
26
27 The applicants have submitted the additianal information requested by the Planning
28 Commission (Attachment No. 1).
29
30 Additional Information Requested by the Planning Commission: The Planning
31 Commission requested that the applicants provide the following information. The applicants
32 responded with the information contained in Attachment No. 1.
33
34 1. Revise the western elevation to modify the upward sloping canopies to mare typical
35 downward sloping canopieslawnings. This was deemed important for shading on the
36 western side of the building.
37
38 2. Revise the north elevation of the building in the vicinity of the roll-up doors to provide
39 more building articulation. '
40 '
41 3. Site Plan: Show an outside employee lounge area with design amenities (benches,
42 etc.).
WaI-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PG
February 8,2012
2
1
2 4, Site Plan: Show/highlight the pedestrian access facilities—A Pedestrian Access Pian.
3
4 5. Use textured cancrete for the pedestrian areas in front of the access points to the
5 buiiding.
6
7 6. Discuss with Public Works and the MTA: Relocate the bus shelter further east.
8
9 7. Diseuss with Public Works: Consider adding a mid-block crosswalk on Commerce
10 Drive.
11
12 8. Use more tree planting strips in the parking lot rather than individual tree planting wells.
13 '
14 9. Recalculate the landscaping coverage taking into account the bus shelter and 6-foot
15 wide walkways.
16
17 10. Provide a site plan schematic showing how the 20% landscaping coverage could be
18 achieved (reduced parking, reduced building footprint, etc.) What does compliance with
19 the 20% landscaping coverage look like?
20
21 11. Submit an exhibit that provides details about the proposed LID improvements.
22
23 12. Landscaping Plan: Add trees to the east side of the building to screen it more from the
24 highway. '
25
26 Architectural Modifications: Revised renderings depicting tha architectural modifications
v requested by the Commission were not available at the time of Staff Report preparation, but will
28 be provided ta the Commission as soon as possible.
29
30 Landscaping: In regard to the 20% landscaping coverage issue, the applicants have revised
31 the project to include the use of Grasspave, a porous pavement product that allows parking, '
32 riding, driving, and walking on a live grass surface. This product would be used on the 20-foot
33 wide fire access lane behind the building and along the parking stalls fronting Airport Park Blvd.
34 Detailed information about this product is included in Attachment 1. The applicartts have -
35 concluded that if the Planning Commission accepts this product as "landscaping", the !
36 percentage of landscaping on the site would climb to 20.1% and the request for the modification
37 would no longer be necessary. '
38
39 The request for relief from the tree shade coverage standard is still being requested and must
4o be addressed by the Planning Commission.
41 '
42 Bus Stop: In regard to the bus stop location, Staff spoke with the Director of Public Works, who
43 indicated that either side of the access driveway would be acceptable. The applicants have
44 shown both alternatives in the revised Site Plan. '
45
46 Crosswalk: In regard to the possible new crosswalk linking the stores north and south of '
47 Commerce Drive, the City Engineer indicated that while he does not generally support mid-block '
48 crosswalks, there does appear to be some rationale for one in the vicinity of the Commerce '
Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09 28-EIR-PC
February 8,2012
2
1 Drive bus stop. He indicated further any such crosswalk in this location would be required ta
2 have bulb-outs on the ends and other features similar to the new crosswalk canstructed on
3 Hospital Drive. The applicants have shown a potential location on the revised Site Plan.
4
5 Additional Items: Staff requests that the Commission review the additional information
6 submitted by the applicant {Attachment Na. 1), and determine if enough information has been
7 submitted for the Commission to fUlly understand the project.
8
9
10 Planning Commission Discussion: Staff requests that the Planning Commission continue its
11 discussion of the Site Development Permit (SDP) for consistency with the required findings and
12 provide direction to staff.
13 '
14 After reviewing the Site Development Permit and the new approach to landscaping/landscaping
15 modifications, staff requests that the Gommission discuss the Statement of Overriding
16 Considerations and provide direction to staff. -
17
18 Please refer to the November 9, 2011, December 14, 2011 and January 25, 2012 staff reports
19 for staff analysis of the SDP, landscaping modifications, and statement of overriding
20 considerations.
21
22 Required Findings for a Site Development Permit: The Ukiah City Code requires that the
23 following findings be made in arder for the Site Development Permit to be approved:
24
25 1. The proposal is consistent with the goals, abjectives, and policies of the City General
26 Plan.
27 2. The lacation, size, and intensity of the proposed project will not create a hazardous or
28 inconvenient vehicular or pedestrian traffic pattern.
29 3. The accessibility of off-street parking areas and the relation of parking areas with '
30 respect to traffic on adjacent streets will not create a hazardous or inconvenient condition
31 to adjacent or surrounding uses.
32 4. Sufficient landscaped areas have been reserved for purposes of separating or '
33 screening the praposed structure(s) from the street and adjoining building sites, and
34 breaking up and screening large expanses of paved areas. _
35 5. The proposed develapment will not restrict or cut out light and air on the property, or on
36 the property in the neighborhood; nor will it hinder the development or use of buildings in
37 the neighborhood, or impair the value thereof. '
38 6. The improvement of any commercial or industrial structure will not have a substantial
39 detrimental impact on the character or value of an adjacent residential zoning district.
Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PC
February 8,2012
�
1 7. The proposed development wili not excessively damage or destroy natural features,
2 including trees, shrubs, creeks, and the natural grade of the site.
3 8. There is sufficient variety, creativity, and articulation to the architecture and design of
4 the structure(s) and grounds to avoid monotony and/or a box-like uninteresting external
5 appearance.
6 Statement of Overriding Considerations: If Planning Commission indicates that it would be
7 able to determine that the project is consistent with the required findings for a SDP and grant
s the landscaping modifications, a Statement of Overriding Cansiderations would be required in
9 order to approve the SDP. A Statement of Overriding Considerations is required when the EIR
10 identifies significant and unavoidable environmental impacts associated with the project. In the
11 case of the Wal-Mart Expansion Project EIR, significant and unavoidable traffic impacts have
12 been identified. CEQA Guidelinas section 15Q93(a) states CEQA requires the decision-making
13 agency to ba/ance, as applicable, the economic, legal, socia/, techno/ogical, or other benefits of
14 a proposed project against its unavoidable environmental risks when determining whether to
15 approve the project. If Planning Commission determines the benefits of the proposed Project '
16 outweigh the unavaidable adverse environmental effects of the Project, the adverse
17 environmental effects may be considered "acceptable."
18 '
19 Considerations for adoption of a statement of overriding considerations for the proposed Praject '
20 could include: additianal jobs created by fhe Project; additional revenue for the City generated
21 by the Project in the form of sales tax, property tax, and business license tax (see fiscal impact
22 report for the project); landscaping improvements to the parking lot; improvements to pedestrian
23 facilities; and/or other considerations identified by the Planning Commission. The Fiscal Impact
24 Report for the Project was provided to Planning Commission separately on 10/3112011,
25 Subsequent to the availability af the Fiscal Report, public comment was received from Steve
26 Scalmanini regarding the report. In response to Mr. Scalmanini's comments, the report was re-
27 evaluated and revised (see attachment 1 of January 25, 2012 Staff Memarandum). The revised
28 report indicates that the Project would result in less revenue ta the City than originally
29 estimated. '
3Q
31 Should Planning Commission determine that the benefits of the Project outweigh the significant
32 and unavoidable environmental effects identified in the EIR (Traffic and Circulation (see ! -
33 attachment 3)), CEQA Guidelines section 15093(b) states the agency shall state in writing the
34 specific reasons to support its action based on the final ElR and/or other information in the
35 record. The statement of averriding considerations sha!/be supported by substanfial evidence
36 in the record. This is formally known as a °Statement of Overriding Cansiderations." Should the
37 Planning Commission determine that the benefits of the Project do not outweigh the significant '
38 and unavoidable environmental impacts of the Project, the Planning Commission cannot
39 approve the site development or associated landscaping madifications. '
40 '
41 Staff requests that the Commission discuss the potential benefits of the project and provide
42 direction to staff as to whether or not a Statement of Overriding Considerations could be made
43 for the Project. '
44
45
46 '
Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PC
February 8,2012
4
1 Public Comment: Staff received a number of emails commenting on the project after the
2 January 25, 2012 meeting. These emails are included as Attachment No. 2.
3
4 Conclusion: As part of the Commission's review of the SDP, landscaping modifications, and
5 Statement of Overriding Gonsiderations, staff requests that the Cammission articulate the
6 reasons why it supports or does not support each actian (Site Development Permit, landscaping
7 modifications, Statement of Overriding Considerations). Based on the direction and the
8 reasons articulated by the Commission, staff will prepare findings and/or conditions of approval
9 as applicable for the following:
10 '
1� 1. Approval of the Site Development Permit and associated landscaping modification
12 request; or
13
14 Denial of the Site Development Permit and associated landscaping modification request.
15
16 2. Statement of Overriding Considerations as required for approval of the Project.
17 '
18 Attachments:
19
20 1. Additional Submitted InformationlExhibits from Applicant, dated February 1, 2012: !
21
22 • Summary letter from Tait and Associates, dated February 1, 2012 '
23
24 • Revised Site Plan, Grading/Drainage Plan, Existing Tree Survey, Landscape
25 Demolition Plan, Flanting Plan, Shade Calculation (Davis), Shade Calculatian !
26 (US Forest Service), Irrigation Plan
27
28 • Email from the MTA addressing Bus Pad, dated September 7, 2011 '
29
30 • Bio-retention information, California Stormwater Quality Association
31 '
32 • Grasspave Brochure �
33
34 • Tree Planting Information from project �andscape Architects, dated '
35 November 23, 2011 '
36
37 • Proposed Stormfilter— Infarmation Brochure
38
39 2. Additional Public Comment Emails Received Subsequent to January 25, 2012
40
41 3. Summary of Traffic Impacts from EIR '
42
43
Wal-Mart 09-28-SDP-PC/09-28-EIR-PC
February8,2012 '
5
Atfc�c�hr��nt � f�j ,
�csaw�ro ra�a cas�acaea�an 11280 Trc�cie Cc ci�sr Dt•ive.R�rncht��oriic,vcr.GA'45742
F:91b1635F2d44� �vyvw:Ebii.com �
February 1, 2012
VIA EMAIL AND OVERNIGHT DELIVERY
Charley Stump '
Planning and Community Development '
300 Seminary Avenue
Ukiah,CA 95482
Re: Walmart Expansion Project—Additianal Information Responding to Planning Commission's Requests
Dear Mr. Stump:
At the 7anuary 25, 2012 hearing on the Walmart Expansion Project,the Planning Commission requested
additional information regarding several aspects of the Project during the Site Development Permit public
hearing, On behalf of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., we are submitting this letter,with attached documents, in
response to those requests. A summary of the requests and our responses is provided belaw.
1. Provide more shade on the western (front} elevation, particularly at store entrances,and change the
type of shade trees at the front of the store.
All vestibule canopies will slope down (away from the building) instead of sloping up. This
results in lowering the front edge of the canopy by 3'/feet, bringing the overhang down closer
to the pedestrians and providing them with better shade coverage.
The Crape Myrtie trees have been changed and we will install Trident Maple trees instead.The
new Chinese Pistache trees will all be male. The Cherry Laurel tree common name was
previausly noted incorrectly; the planting plan has been revised to indicate that these are
actually Flowering Plum trees.
2. Provide articulation at the roll-up doors to the indoor garden center on the North elevation.
A standing seam canopy supported by columns with cultured stone wrapped bases will be
provided. This canopy will be similar in design to the canopy that will be pravided on the South
elevation at the outside employee break area. !
3. Provide an outside area for employees with design amenities (e.g., benches).
An outside employe2 break area will be provided on the South side of the buiiding. It will
include a standing seam canopy supported by columns with cultured stone wrapped bases
(similar in design to the canopy that will be provided on the North elevation). This canopy will
shade an area that covers 3 of the proposed bicycle racks and 2 picnic tabies with benches.
1 ! /
1 �'
�GS�mtm�at�e�watr.ara+a� 7I290 Ticrcle Centi�r Prive, Rancho Cui•d�wo,C?,�57A2
P:�3��1Q35f�4A��� www:ioit:com � �.
4. Show the pedestrian access facilities on the site plan.
Pedestrian access facilities are shown on the attached updated site plan. Note that sidewalks have
been widened to 6 feet per the Planning Commission's direction.
5. Provide stamped and/or colored concrete at the pedestrian crossing areas in front af the store. '
New decorative concrete with MUTCD striping will be provided at the pedestrian crossing areas in
front of the three (3) building entry points.
6. Relocate the bus stop to the east side of the entry driveway on Commerce.
The bus stop pad (with MTA provided bus shelter)will be relocated to the east side of the
Commerce driveway entrance. We have provided a sidewalk cannection for pedestrian access to the
bus stop. Per the request of Public Works, we have also identified an alternate location for this bus
stop on the west side of the Commerce driveway entrance.
7. Provide a erosswalk mid-block on Commerce Drive.
A new mid-block crosswalk on Commerce Drive, near the proposed bus stop,wiii be provided. This
location is beyond the Walmart driveway and provides for easier connectian to existing sidewalk on
the south side of Commerce Drive.
8. Explore different ways to meet the 20% landscape requirement, with caiculations taking into
account the bus stop pad and 6-foot wide sidewalks.
Grass turf surfaces will be provided at the rear store fire lane and the head-in parking stalls along
Airport Park Boulevard. With the inclusion of these grass turf surface areas,the Project meets the
20% landscape requirement. The Project will provide 20.1% landscaping. GrassPave brochure is
provided for information regarding applieability of product.
9. Provide information regarding the stormwater treatment unit at the southea�st corner of the site.
The Project wili install an 8'x 16'SormFilter treatment vault. Drainage shed map,sizing
calculations, and product details are provided.
10. Provide information regarding tree location in regards to the detention area on the northeast corner !
of the site. '
The Project will install all new trees outside the proposed bioretention area.The bioretention area
configuration has been modified to avoid existing trees that are to remain. Bioretention area shed
map, sizing calculations, and CASQA BMP Nandbook cutsheet are provided. I
11. Provide additional trees on the east side to screen the rear of the store.
Additional trees will be added to screen the rear of the store with an emphasis on screening the '
loading doek area. '
� � �
,� . r� , �
a aaa�vossa�c� at�eans 1S,.8Q Tra�le Center Ctr�ve,I?�nchc�Car�lavc�.�:R'�57dx
p.9181535{2dd4 www:toit:com
In addition,although it was not included in the list,we are providing information regarding the adequacy of '
the tree wells in the parking lot since that was a concern expressed by Chair Pruden. Attached is a
memorandum from The HI.A Group, an experienced landseape arehitecture firm,to Kim]ardan. The
memorandum was prepared in response ta concerns raised during the EIR process regarding the adequacy
of the tree wells. As you will see,the memorandum sets forth recommendations that will ensure trees
planted in the tree weils wiil thrive. Wal-Mart is willing to implement these recommendations,and will
provide the informatian to its local landscape maintenance company, Sonoma Sweepers.
We appreciate the input received by the Planning Commission and look forward to presenting the improved
Project at the February 8, 2Q12 hearing. '
Sincerely,
Stan iverson
Attachments.
cc: Deborah Herron,Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
Charles Jordan, RHA
Miriam Montesinos, Sheppard Mullin Richter&Hampton
� � �
yOf� 9LLZL ?1V '3��1/�NOlN38 '133231S H101 3S LO�Z �
� .„ � a 11V1II� ��J�d, '�NI 'S3i101S 121VW-lVM ���R<��o=rW �
p ~° y ,(s � HV fl O�18 7RIVd laOdNIH S �"� �;'^���� �•
.�,°°� °,°a" �oy'yp tio-asoa# NOISNVdX3 HVl�fl 121dW�VM �
J
ow4�� � ms� ., � °
-- �a ` =o€��'^a �� � � o 0
���m" °w :�oo������W�� _ � �0
_ o��a" 8" !Y F �y`�'y'�€``�g ��� & ��� :
� m�„„ �S° �7 . �u �' � wm w ����» ��+€ s� ? � 3 � � �e
�--- � � ��F�°" �.g �� � o��m84� 7� � � H a f�2 y' a
�. � . �� 8 s��� ��3�R�a 9 �g ti�:l a Y � �$
�$ � � � „�m 9 q � � ��e� $ m 3 � � W x s�
_ s�� � � � x < �€ � x���x'���� 6w �.
a < 7 x o ff £° � W sx€s� � � I-' �
- „ � � ��V � ��� N � � "°�°� ��g`�€� �
� a a � � _ � N asmWq�� � !!�
�� a � ����� ����° > � „ � � _ � H��o;� ���s�� s �
� � � -xa � �� w � � o � � � �, O
� � �w � "a� � �a^ � ���� o� � � � a � ��_� � �
o g a� � " ;�~� a a �� < ° s�� �< � � � N a��ooaa� ��&� ,
� a o °e a x � �^ a s� °� g ,Ww,�t�oo
-_ � 0§8�7$...03�����< Fj��»a� � $W Fo�z $� �� � $w w��c��w�oemo�� �.
°�Y '�°&�' a �aa �w �� � _ w k „ 'a�W€ �<�08
w�s� e a a : � �� F p
w : w W o � w w<W ww��p�
�m o�. v p�� � . . s €' � �4��h��o�aa �i G--,�l
w � �a
., �� r
���8�� ��� <��„ �� a�8� Fo �_� 3�
- =a � a� -
zS �$�. $ d� ,� �HR �� 'u � �� Sm -
���� �� ����� �W��.a �� wo ��y� _ -- __--- _
o=o�<�° � � ��� �an °�� s�$ ��� i_�G.____JC`E�``7V�Fic5�F=1— ���n — -
W� �� " W� /�� ----------�--
��o �S 9 i :a�� 3 � �- '._---�__.-_,-�F--.=__._--------._.
°aG`u°��� 8��, s�N �� � $ �gx �z� �!i-""----� �— M '�•, , ,_._�.
wsp �� K' .�� � �.5� gt L ,/�/,%� u.� K . __ .cKtcx.�� ��$��..
. - a��3��=z R� �ax°a aa �m `p'� �� a�m ," /,/l/; m� .., RT+ __4„ ��.- _ g ��.
_ oa�» �° � �� �g o& �Q� x � � ��>� /"�� ' fi`�u __ �`'�"'"": � ���
°�=�'g € � "y�gt � � ��g�� 3���' ���z �f�`�f �,� ._a�.��""".�m.n°`. ' � ' �� .�
o w - ------ �.
""_
w �YS���gb' g� W � g �.$ : j o � f� ' _. -...__i�---�,- „� _ '_..� z-, No �
�� /
- � €s�g"°° z� � ��� � 7 0 l,/ � ` Qos � I� �i z>
°� �k� ��Z k 4�� � t. / �€'� pP� �N t/ � 3� .�
w LLe.�aN� � �E€ €x 7 < 7� ��'$ '��,/.-�4 , ., vadvNOisrrva� .. �dpO - -� � - . j F�W�
- � €p��° ��a�� � E � � ���.. � f3p �'ot , /�. aasoaoaa .� � : w f��f a
Q � � � Q � � ,��:..� - { � y � ,/�
- a;' � � # F
/ f �.�. �44 GQ � � � I Ua
KV
�� � t ° %Q
�Q �� �Qg� �., x g i �
� J / 'zm O EO . :}� �_� �
/�� . .;w� 3w� \
35'� � �� �wm ; \ �a .�� .�
f � Z O � �6 I�Q I� N
: 1v/{�� 41 O - ¢ �\ �I i �O
02 � � �p a
� �" �O O p �� � N Z ' W W .� I .i 1 �f
� /� ��p(�'UN � � :Q 'U� �w y�o� � i ylI�� 3
t,`f t �[� � l�
. !!.° �"°' `\ � �p r..� ��tQ-u �,a � as..�oN �\\ i 'i <� �
.. . �i c �J F�=
m i w
/,..�'�� � � � ��g�z �� �� � �k'E� �¢a� � �� �o � I � � � _.
� Q �a
�\ . I Z � �� = �juv. 6� � � t'� � s��
' - - j� � � �� �I�Z',� ow� � ;� � �m zo ; �;G ; � ..( aa�3
r'� �� .1� i�'° pg a z� �� of z� �r i ���a yY
_-==='`�� � �� -j;�� 3°~ _� �� �� -' r�
, wo
� ,. ��f �,.. � .
�_ �
,,� - "�' ;,-- i I ( `�,. ��� � �� z� ��� _
'"' w
- �
- r� , ���\\��?� ����., �`������ �.�� �: �' �` �`' �� � o< � _
� ; o
,,� <�- � , w
_� _ � .� � '�, Iij�� - - � ��� � ��� °
- / .��/ z wa� '
_ � ,,,' l \ _ (f) -a' � � 1 �a
- % 'ij�'a �. '�' i���� : � �(�- � a�m €
__ 'r p ' �„a I O N �. . � ;Mi°+ os1 W��k'i
/i' �-'.'-^r I . .-, � n ' - - \ �,.� �. V ao-'
i t - �. / \. �I) .. to .',e . w \ 1 �'3 1 '�I .
� � �� �: ��-r � �� - � � � i T. i � �
-( ��i,' ,-'fj� � ��,�'I I �r�. �� � ,�,,,�' t"z- "- �" � �`� _
�; �r T � �-'� ` � rl',-:�i �`r �, �, '' �.��` f � �y W; � y, � ���,� � +�� �
- r - '° � J`��;j' ��" �' � l i j:�'� .�\a ''��s-' i"��< ' ' . �d _ � �� �= v`
�_ I I-�% �, � '' �a <o ��� �%�� :. `" �W � � �
; !
r �� a � �,�
� � < � I- � a � � � �� aq � �
i I ��� �sa�zsf i�{� % ` `���. �a �/� �\\ r" � �.; � 3., � . i � {,� � Q
. e � �,1. �9�p�������/�r �a� �"�� �%Car. '��.... �i : i � E Qz -
��, � � � ,'' °° r" �. . ,�� i� a.
� �
- i ��l� `-"� ��`�� ��z ���� � Q� � i � (j ��
O '-s'_ `-!. _.�.--'---�_ __ �.1 1 +n� -__'J �kx � I�V 3� .
�`h,_.-.'_. ° u ----�- ,"'�----_� 'u�---___- _--,_ —� � ' ' _ - - ��� �\�..
— f5 _"- � -- . , t _--__ —t_ ..
� -.>,_�,--�__`a°^w�_ uc.un p---"_"�t-______- �. --- _'______' . ....� .. .�.�� I
F. -\_'`-- ---i_ _ .` "--�---__��'-----�-.�.-._ �_____- ' �p m�.., � i �-f�°,.y.�,.� e �.
" ' --r .
�-` �� '-- -% i ; �_ � -- E .
_ "-------_'---- _ _'
j pz � ..�"'-.- �.__,r- .. - \1z.., ¢� ._- _�_�s,— _ =r_ .,,�,.._-�i�.`1i �
- �w o # �%-�----`L°-' �-- > c� �i ��.,
� oz . ��c --"-- woz =_m ,.,oz �
�o ; aanna�noe �aba ; _�� �s �_� -
w> � � taoaaiv � a <w �
� w� =m ��� � ��p =m w��
� . m � � o � w LL I � I = i - I � � . I _ , _ I =
� - �
m y0� 9lLZL 21V '3llIANO1N38 '133a1S HlOI 3S LOOZ �..
� a �, 1171I'' OJ�d. ��NI 'S32J01S 121VW-lt/M ��Wa<`"�azmW �
.Y �(S V� NVINi1 O�18 �aVd 12JOd211t/ SSL y;��� a
""°,""," �O�tipJ 40-ZSOZN NOISNVdX3 NVINfI laVW�dM �
a € <. �
���=��W�
— ��q����a
�e��s�sx
�£oa°a��y e
_ m��w 0� a
�e-"��.,we� o co W
aa���€�a"� 4 0 (�
-- s��a�„€<= ,� '�L
�=aa� '���< � Z
w�s=�€a�s� Q � 4 �
��< � 9il �-_�� � � � �$
_ �eR � x a� �.
o Q � �
q � � a a
b� � � ' a �Q � � u ��.
0 WW��'za.� 8 g� g� � � �.
_ �<
z =�'� � � " $� o o �.
w �� �`p� °W - � -
� � g
� � a
W���om�BH» °$�� �g „3 o m � .
� o
..� iYcha'�&»W a a H W a W� -',�,'�". �w
z -
....i.. . � � � � � � � oi� � . ..
v'��a�����' �I� � " � ��° °� ..
.� ^.� � � . °z ,�� . :
a m�-
tT� I I i °��
I i i � i `� "�
— <E� ?3>
—__-
„ __---
F� JC��1J��—l�1H_____� n - -" '
--------------
- �--.�------�._— -
�, o ,,� - ; �.__ v, _� -_
- oo� ,�j' °• _ _ �_..S_� s- �
,_ ,�f,,- �-- q
��
_ o�w '`� _ _ _
� , _ `
,
LL=_ ���,��,
o�a �,'' , �„�.��,.a��
�o� �/f` 0^ • �� � ,� ' � � ;�`��
= mw� �f� '/// ' S � � �
/ / — � �
°OF � � `�). , " J� 7P�QPp�N -� �..` �, ...
Q Q z >./�j/I ;`./ ea . . ... r/3ev eo�sNVaX3- '`DpOK ..- ��."� . t
�aw f{if /r / ��. U3SOdOtld .��,-.�.. � . � � fF {.
a�a �
(��?f' '�/� . .. , ' :.�: \',. � , i � .,,.i:
_ � !.� � �'
_
- ,
f --
'�'' �j oo : ! I � I
� �/ � �
,?�,� // �� °oo � � � ; '�' �
��� (� t r / � C. LL: ' � .
� p2¢u � OOt/i� t � '�
Z �
if�//�`t � °o�zm � ��� s 1 ,I i
� f�,'(' ¢��u'U�° (� N w� �'t / ' � �..
�!� A�.. a. r� �'�^ .O I �.
g
i
� f ,��; g o ��o" aa � I
ri .:` � �$z � �p � �. i :r (
_ � ' �
_ �;;; Ci _� w z�
,
-, �
�"J � osn : i � '
� ' __i °� � ( � �.
,
� . � �
� �.. ,—___ .� a . _
. 1 � i � �-�:f-� �r. ,���- . ._ ' �I.4 _
.,. _ , .. . ..:,� ^" '..__ .O; _`
„ .,..: . . .�� , W
��. � `- . �. ..�. ,
— -- i �,. _.,. �� �� — ,__ � �.., . , i"a� i Q _ ..
� , � °� � 'x �� / 59� '°� � ,, ...
— — ���% °t/./ \ - - - (." �-- -- \�` �-(� -_
_ fA/ ',��! '��. .` .. ' � g � j � �
rc
_ X . . ,
- � /'i",% ` � �.. _. e` . .�.., i� ' g i W
N ���_ fl f f .. � � �. .. ... . ..-._\ , i U _ . .
� :,�� d -- - -- - � i. �� �� � '�.
` " � � �, .-a---i ' ��,.�7� i �'� ��i �
�
, , , ��
_ __ � � ,J ,.� . . � / ,. .:� :�\ � � { .'!_'� \�� '�\ . ' _ �� �
� � ���� � �
� / ,l;-
.-� ✓ • ` � � � � � i
— - . � � i' -' y
�
� � �',` /%/ � � r ���% \ ^'� �J� / \ �I/ \ i. i i' (�j
• i'� ,r. . i ' \ / � / \ �i
�f � ��- � ao � �= �
, �
� ,>> ; .� � , , - �
/ '� � �. i f` �. � ,f .�\ � li` :1' , # �'� � N
�� . .
_ �J : � '� � �. � �, � �: � � �,�
3
�
� . a
, �
�_� �- I
o - � � �o�;� � ,
. �
a_"----- . _--- � .. � ' - r . i
' "--
., - . . . -.._ _ ..s s .. �. .. .,.
__ :
I �
--__ �- .. . _ _�_� � - --- � �
� -____"."_'----_ !� ��-- --__:._ �..-- � � � � , ,--� �. � �'.
"�—=--�_-____,-T-------___-- '-------__ -_ _ __ i � � �
-----_ -__ __
-_--
- --
-- ., - ___
� ___ `�"{'--- -=________ _: - - -- - -- -
� -, ---"--�-_ "".. . _ -- ` J --`
�
� ------ - -------_� ��
F____,_,`�_�'�`-°-_---- ----'— ---�"' — j --- — �
_
n � ___ — .
-----_ -----_ — �
s
-� -'---------_ � _�., ...- � ... - ; .�;
£ �- \\.�_--`_;�_-- �.. -
--_, -- �--- -- .
, �.-__ .�-" .� - _ -
i - \��--�-_`s ;y � � -----—`� , i �.
� o nna�noe �abd j '� ��� � --,(�f' � �
_ I � , laoaaiv � � �
� ,
, ,
�
-� a � m ; � i o � � � � � _, = I - i - � I I �• I � _ � �'
t -
m '°°''""°'��''"""" � � 9lLZL 23d '3lli�NO1N38 '133231S HlOL 3S LOOZ o
— — /�10L29'LOOBt6/OOtr[Lp6'9l6 fj �
- �iass�onEO n��s (/`� I. 1 �NI 'S32i01S 1bdW—l7M � �„� � ■
1WZelh$IaeASVFSi�+ll650t . ia ¢��f� �i"'
•ou�'s�euue�dgsi�etl4�Mede�s�ue� �z� ( d� Hd171(T 4�18 �I?JVd 1JOd211b' SStt �� �m� J "
�`
dna�y�Hayl �� I�z NOISNVdX3 121VW—lb'M g
„�
� �
� g
�
�� L �
x��a �"
���� � � �
8�g� C i �
m��R� � � 8
z�°���� tAf�
_�,
.X � �
W �
o �
------- —
—. — _ __ --_____—___---
__------ _ — ----
--� —_____________-- s.
� -- � � � � ��z_ �� `
_ e
� _ � :
_ , ,
� ; ,
�►�— _
e
; ,,-�`"-- ., . � .
i -- _ _� ,.
,/ �-'� _ — _
�%.
� ° ' ��`�� ��� f
� � t�`',, r,
.� �,�;,, �
,
_ ; _H. _. ,�
_ o f
_ �� r 1.�,
i F Ic
` _ � � _1
� _ �i -
i� �
� � �
Q/� _ � _
=�=� f `�� — - _ (
n ; � .
— _ � ___� _ _
, _ �_ ---- ,
`, � _ _ � ;�`' ��` '° ° � , �. �
� — ��r = ::,,�_ ri ;,� �; ���� �, —
- - � l%„ '� : \ l-i .j' „ ;/ ! � �j��� � i i �
���� \ �i '' ,. ~� � � � ".� ,'� .�?.. .
� � � �
y
e
� r
_ � ., r . !
� �' „ � � ' . " .-,'''` . / ` /, ...
� . r � `�_
� � A . r . '�� a � / � �}r,�- � �y \ / �_.
� � � l.� , � .� ; . . %F � �r�jj� � .>- §
'' -' ,, . � � '� ^ ' ��( � � F
�
p � t� � .� i �•- .•- .! �- �- ��}//�`,N/J" \ / 3 -
/ ',, / � .�� �" '� "/ �. � - �'/' /� - ,�' w` .
�r 9�. ���� / �� � .�i ���� J ./'� �i �
'' �/ x// / � �!\� _ � :.�i� € / \ /' �.
�
� i � _ q
� � . < £
_ � � ". r .� tJ i ��.�,� r -
� � � � �
� ��. � ` � , ,�- �
�
� � �
� ,. �; \ . '' \9.� �
- . . � � '
` ��_" � _
_ _ , �
. . `i_.:� � .
. . -�- _ ' �' «�,: � �
. a _'
�. .. _ .... a � ' "'_ .
-- x ^ ,
. ---_'----�__ .. . _'._.".� .
'----__ . piena�no8 Nied UoiLjy' -,_-_ �.. - t-.�..____.�-�
_---"- � ----'-�_ ... " . . __ ` ._... ...
.�""-----.-. . .. ' :� " ..
� o � �_(._---�—_'_'�--
._.__'----.__ —F=--'' _'—'_' --'_ � �
�. � //,
_,
� �
£
ti ""°'''*'°'��ry'"`""' ,,���'�,, 9lLZL LIV '3l�I�NOlN38 '1332i1S HlOI 3S 100Z
__._._ ...._..___" /�lOLZ9'(60'9tfi/OObt'Ltib'9t6 f
<<eseawo����a�,e,� (r � � '�NI 'S32JOlS lbVW-�t/M �Nxs�"s . Q
i coz ems iaans�n�nua.,i a oi k'�o d ���o ��� W
'ou�'s�euv[qdgs7osaiy�ryede�spue-� tl� HVINfi Q�'1.8 ?ibVd lbOdJIV :SStI ,���� M =
dna�y�Hayl `��, � NOISNVdX3 121VW-�bM °1, g:
_ ���� � � � �
N '- � sa�= � .
� �$ � ��� � y,. �� �
p ° � '� � ° ���� � �° .� :.
. � � :s s � ,�ag � o .
� §
� S � �,a� � F &��o � � �.
Q � .. �� � z��� = O " 3
T �t�� Q �$�za � � �
_1 � °
�
--- --- ------- —__---_---
" -- _____
---- — —
_ _
�-- ------- --
-',� _ ---
�,��8.�. ��..�-,�':�-f.ccm"-�',r.�c�..'-�-���`R��^,.�:�n�� i! .
„ r � — ___._- . . . ` ;
/f �,�` .;% - - — ___ '_ .!/ �.�{ .
'-. ' '.— � .�' �.
�'� '��� // —'__T -- .
� ' �, i /r �f ',.. .
� r' 4 f /
���fi; �' � `� � � ����� �,� 3
= �,� ;�� ,
.
3<° \� � � '
��`� .—...�—� ��
� �f - --- ' ;
,� ��'�� . ---- r �
� -
��
� i,
C � �,
� � - '
,
�R
� I\ r� (
LI I
{ L
��... ��( � � �' � .
; � �_ ja �
__� � 3 p i =:�� ,'
m ,, � ,
�t�� � � _
� - �� ��
-----�o,r� � `�' -- �� �
�fi � � - �
_
�� � ) I( - ��
,"� ,.�; � ., „ �� _ �
; , �� � � .�:�\ ���� `�\��`�� -
� <- _ "I y ''�-�° �� � „- - �� ,�. f�
�
_ ,�r �r.�o- . .-- . y�. . ��� � _% . v� '� '� � ����� �
�
— �"� �r� � '�-- ; � ,.,-.- � ���
_ � \ Q� � r f
— — i . � ,�'�`; - ' - � � ,
� ''
�
�-'-,!i� ,� � � ,4 r .- ��j� - � -��I',�- �� � �
_� - �; ='r ` � �'- � ` ' -' ,.- � . ,ii- �r � �
�
� .. r ! ��,}�J( � ""F -, '_ , „ i I , 1 .
y /
.� .. ��A�!\ } ��i '\, 'r, { /�/ �� y .��/ �� . .
� % �`�, j i ) �l �� � � i
e � '3�i� �� i/ � � ,- ���� �
� �:�, ./-,/ „\ . � f r \�%F� '"�,�;. � % \ �,�i� "�/ "�s r i
�� � �A �� r�' ; � / s� � � \r�/ i
t� `/a..� ��� f �� Y� n� � �`" - � T� � ) +
s
� ,` i,�°` �
���` ��;"n%�-,� ti��� Q�,\ c / �� -\\��""� ' .\.\ �/ � ..
� � 1� `�}� �� i i �� i i
� § �_� � rs �\s� - ,/s \ :.r.. .� \ i�. .
n f..
� � �£
o .�� � , . � i
° ' ��� �� ; s \ i �
� - t---'��--- — �a G�¢�GD��� � �
, ' - I
- ---- - �- �� ,
---------- � ------ =
-;-_-- _ - -- — ----------- �._�
��..... '_'J . �.
� y .... -._,,.,,_...--...,,,...,�. . . �.
--__�_� . "__'_ r .., �p �
_' � Y _....""^--'-°-.--_._',�.-.,. J _ __ _' _ __' __�
----_"� -" . . � . '�.. . �.
, �""'---�.� _._._._ �-q__.--... , �� >.
---�� _-----—_____�--- -_.._.— _�,.�� __�_.�,��-�._..__ �-
-_"---_---,��— � �� "
z , - --f--�
= >__
_._ �._ _.
�' i °� _ �
__ �
II . gll :l Ill:ii �i,-�l'j� - _• • ��
i
� ' -'• �
. .. .
, ��� �. . •
� ���'������
� e ��t�����,�t���� =
■ ��������������� :
- � ��,������������� .�
� � "�„���,��,����
.� � ,�,������������� ���� s"sss�s ass ss
. .
, .
.
. . . . .
.
�� e {�;0 • � � �V�.��.ii�0° � � �o,°°°o�� �.:,
:. � ±� . � �,�.�r•�`�'��°��R`+�ru"t`�� .�,��d�,s°��M�e� .
:� .: : ' . •���A �. .� � �� ce� ��
� ��,
, ' ' ' � i
' . ' eO ��l ..+�_�`� �`�[4�� ��
n...., `
y'
�� ��7�—
_ , _ .. r
� ��,
• /� GS
, � ' �
I �
.� �~J �� l� �[ ' �'
������� �/ I
f�_��� � '�
�r� :� �'�,
, , �.�,.
'' „��„ ,;;► ;;
�' ���;► °��s
:'�m �� �=:► ,��"
��� �� �►,.�,��
�� � •
� 41
��� �� � uw�i
� � � ... �����a�l''� a�'�.'�'�A��:'.���i���
a , �� � �' �1 _ � .�
.u''�G� 4"� �� ����' �'rr I'��,� In• w�i�A �.�.�� ��.
� t ris°��. �:�r.a .���1t6�3j�1 ���yr� .c;�. c
4� `O �.ltu� .A .�� \.i �3i��Dde�a �„h,u���� ��pp
_��• �� �► �e` j ��+�' �� �` \\ ' ,��'�k ro�' 'tT �.
0 6 Y y�i 0. ' ' I O 0 � .%��
� �� �� `► ����'..., zt/'� �� �� \��j��OO u�R�s�:]� �
�� :
� , .�p _�;. � �p :�"�;°' �:i i. .� •;;• � -°���
� � ��� �� �z �t� s� e� .� � � , ��
�
.� :
� ,. , �>,•• � _�. �,� ''� . :°
�� � �°�` �..��� � � �� �� �����:'
e e � �� �; � ��5�� �� � � s� ���. �.:�
.,
_ ..�.� :��,, �, �, �, � - : � � � ���``������
� . � . �, "�
.
�.b".r�(�,ra���� !�� f �a, '�`� � � � ��I
a� 'egd'�°pi..,i.r � 'h�flr I��N��+� � �-' i. /P'��
�`'°'`°`�`°�'�:i '�y;. �-�,��'�.°., , b ����,��1���{�_�1�.� Ps��� �ti e
-- • _..: - .,�_ � .
_ _ -
��, ,.>.r : �..;��a�_��'+�-_�o►�
� — �
� "'°''Hrai6�'�"""^ ///��'�v 9LLZL 21V '3l�lANOlN38 '133a1S H101 3S LOOZ
_.._...._... ._.._._._._ /aelOGZ9'LbV'Bt6/009L'Lbb'9L6 �� � I ..
«essawaae�'on�es a� � '�NI 'S32i01S laVW-lVM �NVa�r �,. N
/ODZal�nSleailS4l�luentil0"sOl "' �
'au�'Siauueld'8S1�e11y��yed2�SW�l :�z� ����/a V� HdlNfl anl8 �I21Vd 1230d211b' SStt R°� N
v
dnoacJy7Hayy `� NOISNVdX3 1Mt�W-�t/M J h�. �
�,�_-�`•.i .
�
o � � � $ s ,z a � � � ,�r r�v
� _ � � � � x � �
� B W �
_ , , , , � , � � � �
o� g � - � � : % � � 8
�ggg � ¢ � � �5 � � �q ` Oq�p �
N £Po ! I 1 $ g � i �.� a � � �S p =V /!! � ..Y .
o s� � � � � � � g � Q �
_ '� g �§� � $ � � o �
p p �' � a5 � �� g /� .
N t�, �
Pa �a F '�} /// �\
� w �� F2 � g �. M�°� �.
m '! s 9 � x
ro �� �� s � p+
� � � � � �B � a � " � `■r
�- �� �� � � � e.a•
_� ;� r o� g � �
� � �� � ; 8 � �
� � L �
� • � � � �
,� � �6 is �� �� 8 �' �_ � � � x�
�� £' �^�3 �� �€ s � § �� g � � �
oB � $3 �� °� �� � � z sb $ � ��g�
��-�— ---�1f-1_�—'�—��i _
-- ---�—
'' ----=----=�-- --�—
�� %_x
l'
�. ,., `-�
� _ � �=
/ �
� _ I
B ;r- —
� t -- � �
���o��,� ��
— i�ioezezroesisioa�ctecsis '° �`+ 9�LZL 23V '3�lIANOlN38 '133211S H101 3S 100Z � _
«esea�xoo���s F �. �� �NI 'S323d1S 123VW-lVM �N; � m�
icoz9u�s'i��s��!u,�.�joso� � ��' � Q<�sa<
•�u�`s�euuc.ryd'8st�e1ly�ryede�spue7 � �i� `-��/`� d� HVIN(1 4��8 H23Vd 12JOdaIC' SSII , �m� � N
dna�y�Heyy ��E 5,� NOISNtldX3 121VW-�dM J °
»„/`
++
�
..�
€ � � �
8 � r�
�� � � �
� � �
a � g W
�� � '
a = •i s
�5� �
$ �. o � -
o = �� � � a:+ Gt.�
�� a $ � � € �� ��� � � � �
� w �� ��� U � o �
� �� � ���� t13 C
�� -�, U
� �$ ��_ tL
� g,
� a; �� ���� q� V?
�� - - - �� �� ���; � _
�s �, � �va���� � �...
,¢ � 8 a�
E i S g� �€�`-. � .
e �� A.A g �g E � g '�$§�9�ga //1 .
� �� � �� �a��� � '�pp�.�����F vi '.
$ be g� �§ ��,eg � 'Is$bs-�.��
— -----________ ' .�.
� —-- --
�
� x._x.
f- „� � °e�
f .......T >� -' �:� ���' � .
f �\
% — ( �f
/
f �. I
__'..�__".—':,�,._..�� _
,,.� ., _. _ _.__
0�'
/`
I
� I
�
I o �.
F. �
��� �I ��� ;
�
I ' E
I\
i
C
b 3 ,
�
�" �
, � �
�
,,,, i I o °o°o-- - '� ` �
(
� �
� _ — I ��� � a - � �,
— — i4% "- '
_ �- � a a +�
- - i
' Y
� � - - �— ' �.
�
� ; - - i
/ � � �
� y r? � i
6=� ' � � � � i I
�/�� � � ..} � �� Y I ��
." t�� . 1. ;,. i ,;
� � 'i�� � � �,/��f � � ` Y i. �
� a �
,�.....� �F� f '_ _ _ __ _ �E�, � r,4w.-�� ,��Q�� \ �Y � I
' -~ " " __ ' _ _ _ ' �I J�_._
—� -- " � i' f __ - f� � � -�
`^�______,-�- .,�—.—_._��„'
------i„—';._ ----_ .--_. .' '_
- �
'°_�� �" .,.�. _.. � .. %.
"`-.,-..m, � � ' "--- ,�
..__ .._ - . �
� � `� �
. ., _ �_�_ �� �
xr _
-_
---•i��� -��i6 L _
._.��-
y � # $ ._—_ _-- ��
a . _ _ ,
, (
�, , , , ,� P � _.�
� � _ .
� �_
oabnainoe �ada laoaH�H �, '
� - tl
�,���,,,�� �..<-�
- ----- i�ioezsmbe�siooartrovis j °��Ie g�LZL 23V '3�lI�NOlN38 '133211S HlOI 3S 100Z
<<essa�,oueo���,�s fi 1, '�NI 'S32101S 123VW-lVM �Ny�� m� �e
iooza�?,sta9nsw�p�r�iosot ` ,
•ou�'s�euue�dgst�a714�Medeospue� '� �� V� HVIN(1 on�8 N2idd 12i0d231V SSIt W�° "�m� J
dno��J VlH a41 31��5,.`
°'sh� NOISNVdX3 12iVW-�VM
�� �� �
�� ��
�� �� k C
� � _�
J � �x �8 O � �.
� a � �� �� � a, � �
0
� � �� �� �� �
°'� ������, �� �
�B �gs�� O -
m � �� �,� ��� � �e.,,
a � �� � �
� � ; � a� ,� � '
i o �
i
�
__------- — '
--------- _ �--__--- '
— ----
—1 �, —_---- --
� ——_
„ � / �� � �� � \\\� "\ � �e�\.�� \�\�� � ��� � �
S°�
�` �\\ \��� � ���`\\�� ,� .\ \_ � � \\�\\\�/r
`������� A\�A � \\� �\ � �,,',
� � -- - - - -
S���� � �� . \\\\\\ , `�\ �
.}���`�\ '
�i�`��� � I
�� (_
�' � � � �'
�� � \ F I.
����� �� � .
� � �
� \ �� �
�
,,.�„ i �!
` � � o-
�^``��`� �t j �
C�����\� �`� i� ��ti
\
\\�\'� :\ � � �;�I '�
�����\ ._� � \ � ..
. � � ��� {��� �.
E. ��
___--�--�� .-� —� ..`�� ^z. .
� , '- -
�- i�, ��� -�. . �" � _�� . A s ° __' � m ��� � .
.
$
� � y � �� � �
`\'`\ �.� � � a
;. �. � � ���� l \�.. .�:��—��\:�_,,;\� �. �: �1 'c�i .
t � �
� / 4
`' ��— — � i' ' �\ A . ' ` b ��
�
. �i v . �,
�/� �J�-' \:. '_ '•%,1. 4 � �\
'ri,
� �� ,, �j �� ,..-a.� �� \ . ��� I. � ,�'�, �.;.
_� :���� � � � �, � � �� ;- �-��, �� � . �� � I ;�� � � �
� � � � �., �� / � � �� • � � f,� �� i 4�
�
� �.k . ��/ 1��,, ��� � r `��` .;�' �;�i �i- . A�.�i" " i �A � �.
� �,i-� ... �,,,-- �/{ . �\\ \\\ � "��o'i �. � �f.i �..: i i� '�.
I� ."� �' \.� i' �� ; �\ ,-�'% �abr-' \ ; ....i� , .
� �g .i \ ��. .
� / ',r� �� �� ..��H .�� � �
� � � \ `� � � % 4€�� \\ � 1 :
•`
�
, �\ �
✓ ,e r' \ �
� ...� s i �� � �.� \� �:....� �� � i�\r' .
�
��.�� < \ i�
-___ ,�������.. ° � ;� \ \�, ' �;-:�
�,---_--�` l- ____-____--�_ ��� � �' ,,, `` ��1 ' _ ��� _ '
_ , �,
_______ -
__ �----,�
�w�� � ��
�
— _- _��. _, — ���
--�__ u �,� y _
�..`��-- —=--�_ --- -- ----�
„- m._,__ r �
--( :a-----_-- _--=--���_ -- - - x- — —_ _ ` --�
( = � ==_-t-> _.,.�- - --
, _ � .r
= -- -—�-�- � ii
:..` is ..! z� ...4 ... .. � P .._�� � �� '.
� � � - I
i
�
� — � �
From: Dan Baxter[mailto:dan@4mta.org] v J~ r�
Sent: Wednesday, September 07, 2011 1Q:52 AM
To: Kim Jordan
Subject: Wal-Mart stop
Hi Kim
Here is the info, somewhat distilled.
We looked at five days from July 5th through July 9`h including 211 trips (both directions).411 boarded and 409 gat
off. Abaut 80%went tawards Wal-Mart. Total ridership for that period was 3111 so our Wa1-Mart stop accounted fior
26%of the ridership(Tues-Sat)for that route.Total ridership during the school year is probably a little higher.
As we discussed, a stop on the north side west af the drive wouid probably be safest. The ADA requires 5x8 paci, not
including the pad for the shelter, in order to deploy the lift. The sidewalk can be used for this a� Ic�ng as it is at leads 5ft
deep. C1ur shelter needs a 10x12 pad in addition ta the normal sidew�Ckf pad. 1'd reeammend making the shelter pad
wider than 12ft and having room for a outside bench and trash can. We'll move the shelter{or provide a new one).We
could a[so provide an outside bench unless Wa1-Mart wanted to provide ane that matched their other autside '
furniture. I assume Wa1-Mart wauld install and rrraintain a trash can since it would nee�to be maintained several times '
a day and we only get by a couple af times a week,
The roadway/curb needs to be sufficient ta support a �us,around 13 tons.A crosswalk between the twa centers is reaHy '
needed.
Hope this is what you needed. Let me know there is anything else.
Thanks
[3a n
Dan Baxter
Transportation Manager -
Mendocino Transit Authority
241 Plant Road
Ukiah, CA 95482
707.234.6446
707.462.1760fax '
Circular 230 Notice: In accordance with Treasury Regulations we notify you that any tax advice given herein
(or in any attachments) is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used by any taxpayer, for the !
purpose of{i) avoiding tax penalties or(ii)promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any '
transaction or matter addressed herein(or in any attachments).
Attention: This message is sent by a law firm and may contain information that is privileged or confidential. If '
you received this transmission in error,please notify the sender by reply e-mail and delete the message and any '
attachments. ,
2
1 - 1 �
�ii►1�lC�1�E!#1�It�11 T�- ;�
� ��.
��,������ , �� �� f � '' � D+asign Consideration�
�� k � y� .i� �£ �q ` RS ��
4�'� t t t�` �c16 C�;�x �Y uk. . ....
?�� ,����� �� ' � � � ��� � � r� Saii for fr�filtration� �
������ ��, � �� ;���� �
�
�, �, ��� , '" � � �'� � ■ TributaryArea
�� �. �� �� �� ������ ��: � �� �
� � ��� � ���� � �
��;� � ■ Sl�pe�
� 5, n ���°��� � ��
� �.� �
�. , �° ���� � �� ■ Aestheti�s �
�°� � �
■ Environmental Side-effects
��
�.,�� �,
, ,:
��
�:
R'
Sr''¢�'�Y��
�1,.:..�at � ������.
xa'MS�'+�"" 'W � .a�kl ��'. ,,,ti �'
�+eSCClp�1011
The l�ic�retentiou best management practice(BMP)functions as a Tar�eted Constituents
soil ancl plant-based filtration device that remaves pollutant�
t]arc�ugh a vau�iety af ghysical,biological,and chemical treatment � Sediment ■
processes. Thes�e facilities normally consist of a grass buffer C�'I Nutrients i
strig,sand laed,ponding area,organic layer or mulch Iayer, [� Trash ■
plautin��oil,and plants. The runofPs velocity is reduced by Q Metais ■
gassing c�ver or through buffer strip ancl subsequently dist��ibuted C✓f Bacteria ■
evenly along�pc�ndi�g area. Exfiltration ofthe stored water in (� o;�and�rease ■
the laior�etention ar�a planting s�il into the underlying soils Q organics ■
occurs c�ver a peri�ad of days. �.egend(Remov��f�'ectivenessl '
C�Iifornia Experi+ence • Low ■ High
None dc►cumented.�i€�retention has beezi used as-a stozmwater 1 Medium
BM�"�inee��c�2. In�ddition ta Princ�George's County,MD and
Alexandria,VA,bloretention has been used successfully at urb�n
aud sub�rb�n areas in Mo�tgornery County,Mll;Baltiu�ore
�ounty,MD;Che�terfield Cauuty,VA;Prince Williaiu CountY� i '
VA��I121�1�fl`17I1�e�lI1 Lc�kE'.Stc�t�PaTk,VA,aud Cary,NC. M
J�dvantages
■ Bic�retentic�n provides stormwater treatmeut that enhaznces '
the quality t�f clowustream water bo�dies by tempor��ly
storing zvnoff in the BMP ancl releasing it over a peri�d�f !
f�ur day�tr�the re�ceiving water(EPA,�999�� '
■ The veget�tic�n provides sh�de and wind breaks,absorbs '
noise,and i�nprt�ves�n�rea's landsca�e.
E.ime tions '
■ The�ic�i��eutio�BM�is not r�commeudetl fr�r areas with
slc�pes greater tha� 2o°so or where mature tree removal woul�l � ` � '
r:ALit�c�}IE�.'tr4 4tftt;M4Vs'aTt;12�� ���
. g.,xi.'s 3.4 f 5`�4',S6�i I�."t`Pe t,q� '.
7anuary 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook 1 t�f 8
New Development and Redevelopment
www.cabmphan�lksovks.com '
1 -- l �°'
TC-3� i+or �e ti
be required since elo�gin�may result,particularly if the BMP receives runc�ff wit��high
seclime:�t loacis(EPA,r999)-
■ Biaretentiou is not a sttitable:BMP at lc�cations where the water t�l�le is within G feet+�f t�ie
ground surface and where the surrt�uuding sc�il stratum is unstabl�.
■ By clesign;bioretentic�n BMPs have t�le potential tc�cr�ate very attractive h��it�ts far
m�squitoes and ather vectors because of highly organic,often l�e��ily ve�;�tated�reas miYe�
with sh�llow water.
■ In col�clirnates the sail may freeze,preventing runoff from infiltratiug into t�e planting soil,
Design and<S�zing Guidel�nes
■ Tl�e biarete�tion area shaulcl be sized to captur�the design�torni runc�ff.
■ In areas where the native soil permeability i�Iess than o.�iuJhr an u�aderdrain s���uld be
provided.
■ Recazzunencled miiumum dimensio��s are 1�feet by 4t�feet,althc�u�h the prefeirecl width is
2,�feet.F�cavated depth shauld be 4 feet.
■ Area should drain completely withi�72 haurs.
■ Ap�roximately 1 tree or shrub per;�o ft2 c�f�aioretentic�n area should be inclu�ed.
■ Gover area with about g itzches of mulch.
Cat2siruction/Ittspeetion.C�ns%derutivns
Bioretention area should not l�e established until coni�ibuting watershed is stal�ilized. '
Perfarmanee
Siaretention rernoves stormwater goIlutants thrc�ugh physical atid bi�lc�gical prt�cesses,
including aclsarptic�n,filtratic�n,plant uptake,inicrolaial activity,clecc�nlpositic�n,secliinentation
a�d volatilization(EPA,1999). Adsorptio�is the�rocess whereby particulate g�llutants attach
to soil(e.g.,clay)ar vegetatian surfaces. Adec�uate contact tin�e between the surface and
pollutant must be provided for in fihe design of the system for t]us rem�val grc�cess to occur. '
Thus,th�inf'�ltratic�n rate af the soils must not exceed thc�se specifie+d in the design eriteria or
pollutaut removal may deerease. Pollutants removed vy adsarption inclucle metals,�hc��ph�rus,
ai�d hydre�carhons. Fii�ation occurs as runoff passes through t�ie bic�retentic�n area medi�,such
as tl�e sancl�ied,ground caver,and pl�nting sail. '
Conimon�articulates removed froui stormwater include particul�te vrgani�inatter, '
phosphorus,and suspended solids. Biological�roces�es tll�t occur in wetlands result iu
goIlutant uptake by plants and microorganissnls in the soii. Flant gro is sustau�ed by�e
uptake of nufirients froln the soils,with woc�dy pl�ts lockuig up�hese uutrients tiliirrc�u�h the '
seascrns. Micrc�laial activity withirt the sc�il also ec�nti�ibutes to the remc�val t�f uitr�age�i.and. !
orgazlic matter. Nitragen is remc�v�d bY`nit�:�fyirtg a�ld deni ' � g b�eteria,w��e aerc�bic
l�acteria a�te�~espansible for the decamp�sitic�n of the c�rganic mattera Microbi�l prc�cesses
require o�gen and cax�result i�depleted o�gen levels if the bioretel�tian are�is�c�t��e+�uately
2 af 8 Galifornia Starmwtater BMP Handbo€�k January'2003 '
New Development and Redevelopment '
wwrw.cabm phand books.com
l - � 5
1 �'E'"�1E'.ti'�1 T -
aerated.Sediznentati�n occurs in the swale or po�iding area as the velocity slows and solids fall
caut c�f suspension.
The removal effec�iveuess c�f t�iorete�z�ic�n has laeen studied during field and la�ioratory studies
ccr�clucted by the tTi�iversity of Mazyland(�avis et al,�g98). During these e�►erinlents,
syt�thetic st+arn�water ru�c�ff was p�nped thrc�ugh sev�ral Iaboratoiy and field bioretention a�eas
to simulate t�pical storm events in Prin�e G�c�rge's County,MD. Rernaval rates far heavy metals
and�lutrients are shc�wu in Tahle r.
Table l Laboratory and Estimated
Bioretentean Davis et al. (1998);
PGDER (1993)
Pollutant Reu�oval Rate
Tatal Fhosphorus �0-83%
Metals�tfu,Zn,Pb) 93-98%
TKi�t 68-80%
Total Suspended Solids 90% ,
C3rganics 90% '
Bacteria 90%
Results for both t�ae Iaboratory and field exgeriments were sunilar far each of the pollutants '
aualyzed. D�uUling or h�lving the u�fluent pollutant levels had little effect on the effluent
pc�Ilutants cc�nce�trations(I��vis et a1,1998}. '
The micrc�bi�l activity aud plant uptake occurruig,in the l�ioretention area will likely result in '
higher rem�val rates th�those cleterniined f�r infiltratian BMPs.
Siting Criteria '
8ic�retention�MPs�re generally used to treat stormwater froin impervious sui�faces at ;
cc�mmercial,residential,aud industrial areas(EPA,1�9c�). Implementation of bioretention fi�r '
storiuwater nzat�agem�nt is ideal for median strips,�arking lot islands,and swales. Morecrver, '
the runoff i�these areas cazi la�designed to either divert directly into the l�ioretentic�n area or
canv�y intt�the bit�ret+�n�it�n area by a curb anci gutter call�ction system.
The best ic�catic�n for 2�ioretention areas is upland from iulets that receive sheet flow frc�m graded ',
areas and�t�reas that will be excavated(EPA,�999). In order to maximize treatment '
effectiven��s�the site n�u�t be gradeci in such a way that mini�s;uz�s erosive conditia�s as sheet '
flow is cc�nveyed to the treatment area. Locafiions where�bioretention area cau be readily '
incc�r�c�rated i�itc�tl�e�ite pl�n withaut fiarther enviroumental damage are preferred. '
F ernlore,tc�effe�tively minignize sediinent laading in the treatznent area,�iioretention c��Iy !
should be u�ed in stabilized dr�inage areas.
�anuary 2f�03 Galifornia 5tormwater BMP Hanclbaok 3 of 8
New D�velapment and Retfevetopment
www,cab mphan�7 baoks.eom
! - 7 �
TC- � � r �enti
Additional i�esign Guidelines
The layout of the l�i�rete�fiia�n area is determined after site canstraints such�s locatic�u of
utilities,underlying soils,e�sting vegetati�n,aud clrainage are considered CE�'�,�99�).�it�s
with loamy sand soils are especially appro�ariate fQr bioreteution because t�ie excavated sc�il ca��
be back�lled ancl used as the plautin�sail,thus eiiminating the eost of imp� . g glanti��sc�il.
The use of i�ioretention may uat be feasible given an ufistabl�surrounding sc�il stratum,soils
with cl�y content greater tlian 2,�p�rcent,a site with slap�s greater t�an�o percent,anci f or�
site with mat�ue lrees that would l�e remc�ved during cc�nstruction of the BMP.
�ioret�ntion can b�e designed ta be off-line or on-line of the existiug drainage system(EPA,
1�99�.The clrai�iage area for a biaretention area should be l�etween o.i and t�.q hect�res(0.2�
a�d�.o acres). Larger drainage areas inay require multiple bioretention areas. Further�nore,
the uz�unum drainage area far a bioretentian area is determined by t2ae e�ected rainfall
intensity and 1.utunoff rate. Stabilizecl are�s may erode wheai velocities are greater than�feet per
second(r.�meter per second). The designer shoulc�determine t1�e potez�tial for erosive
conditions at the site.
The size of the bioretentian area,which is a fiinction of the drainage area and the runoff
geueratecl froTn the area is sized to capture the water quality volume.
The recommended miuimum dimeusions of fihe bioret�ntion area are 1�feet�q.G meters�wide
lay 4a feet(12.�meters)long,where the minimum width allows enr�ugh space fc�r a dense, '
randvmly-ciistributec�area of trees and shrubs to become est�blished. Thus replicating a n�tural
forest and creat�tig a micrcaclimate,therelay enabling the bioretention area ta tolerate the effeets
of heat stress,acid rain,ruz�off pallutants,and insect and disease infestatit�ns which la�idscag�d
areas in urban settings typically are unable to tolerate. The preferred wiclth is 25 feet{7.G
meters),with�length of twice the width. Essentially,any facilities wider than�o feet(�i.�.
meters)sliould be twice as long as tliey are wide,which promc�tes the disttribution of flow and
decreases the chances af concentrated flow. '
In order to provide adequate storage and grevent water from standing for excessiue�eric�ds c�f
time the pon�uzg depth�f the bioretention area should uot exceed 6 iuches{r,centimeters).
Water should n�at be left to stand`far more than 72�iours. A resiriction on tlie tyype of plants tliat
cau be used maybe necessazy due to same plants'water intaleraz�ce. Furtlzerznore,if water is
left standia�g for 3onger than�2 hours mosquitoes and other insects may start to breed.
The approgri�te planting soil should be back�lled into the excavat�d bioretentic�z�area. Pl�ntiug
soils shc�ulcl i�e sancly loam,lo�my sand,or loau�te�iire with a clay conteut raugigag fronz�o to '
2�per�ent.
Generally tl�e sail should have inf'�lt�ation rates greater than o.�inches�r_2�centuneters)p�r
hcaur,which�s typical of sandy loams,loamy sancis,c�r loa�. The pH af the soil shc�uld raz�ge
between,.�and 6.�,where poIlutants such as organic�itrogen and phasphcrru�can be ad�c�rbed
Ia�the soil�nd rnicrobial activity can flourish. Additional re�quirement$for tl�e�Iantin�sc�il
include a 1.�to 3 pezcent orgazuc content and a inaximu�n�ot�Ppni concentration c�f�olulale
s,�llts. '
4 of 8 Galifarnia Starmwater BMP Handbook ]anuary�t}U3
New Development and Red�velopment
www:eahmphandbooks,com '
t - � ?
i re� nti�►r�� T -
S+ail tests�hould.�e p�rf�rrruued f�rr every�+�a cubic Yar'ds(382 cubic u�eters}of planting soil;
with the excep�i�n c�f pI3 an�organic cont�nt tests,which are required only once ger
bic�ret�ntic�n area�EPA,��9��. P1�iting soil shc�uld be q iiiches{1o.r centimeters)cleeper than
the b€�ttc�m of�e Iar�est r+�t ball and�}feet��.�met�rs)aitogether. This de�th will provide
adequate�c«il fcrr the pl #�'ro�t sy�teu�s tv 1�ecome e�tablished,prevent plant damage due t�,
severe wind,aiid�rc�vid�adequ�te�zzcristure capacity. Most sites will require excavation in
arder tc�c�btain the reec,zumeuded depth.
Planting sc�il dept�ls+�f great�r tha�4 feet(�.2 rueters)Ynay require additional construction
practices such as sh�ri��meastu°es{EPA,1999�. Planting soil shauld be placecl in 18 inches ar
greater lifts aud li�litly cc�mgacted until the ciesired d�pth is reached: Since high caii�py trees
may l�e destr�ryed d ' g�ainteg�ance the biaretentiou area sliould be vegetated ta resenable a
terrestt�ial f�rest cc�u�nunit�ecc�system that is dominated by understory trees. Three species
eac�i of both trees and shrul�s�re recomineuded to be planted at a rate of 250o trees and shruUs
ger hect�:re(�ot�t�per�cre). Fc�r instaiice,a Y�fc�ot(4.f ineter)by 4o foot{r�.2 metex)
bioretention�rea(f t�c��quare feet c�r 55.75 s�quar�meters}would require 14 trees and-slu�ubs.
The shi�zb-to-tree ratic�sh�uld be 2:�to 3:1.
Trees and sl�.rubs should be glanted whe�cc�ndi�ions are favarable. Vegetation should be '
watered at the end of each;day for fourteen days fallo�g its planti�ig. Plant species tolerant of
gollutant loac�s and v ' g wet and dry condifii�ns shauld be used in tlze l�ioretentioxl area.
The designer should assess ae�thetics,site laytrut,and maintenance requirements when '
selecting plant species. Aclj�ceut iian-native invasive�pecies should be identified an.d the
designer sliould t�ke nmeasures,such as prcaviding a soil breach to eliminat�the threat of�iese
species invading the bic�r�te�ition area_ R��ional lancl:�caping znauuals shvuld be consulted to '
ensure that the plaz,ting vf tlie laioieteution area meets the landscapin�requirements
estaUlished by the Iocal authorities. The designers should evaluate the best placemez�t of
vegetatic►n wit�iin the bic�retentic�u�rea. Plants should be placed at irregular intervals to
replicate a�atural fc�r�st. Trees should be placed on the perimeter of the az ea to provicle shade
aud shelter frozn the ` d. Trees�nd shrubs can be sheltered from t�amagiug flows if they are
placed away frc�m t�e path c�f the iucon�ing runaff. In cold climates,sgecies that are n�ore
tolerant to cold winds,such as�;vergr�ens,shoulcl be placed in windier areas af t�ie site.
Follerwii�g�lacetnent c�f tl�e��ees�nd�hrul��,the ground cover aud f or gnulch�hould be
establisl�ed. Grc�und cover such as giasses or legutnes ean lae planteri at the la�gituung of t�ie
growing seas�n. Mulc�x shc��ld be placed immediately�fter trees aud shrubs are glat}ted. Twr�
to 3 inches(�tc��.6 cm)+�f co�uercially-availal�Ie fine shreddect hardwoc�d mulch or shr�dded
harclwood ehips s�iould be agplied tc�tlie bioreteution area to protect frouz erc�sion,
Maentenance
The primary maiuten�nce�equireu�ent fc�r bi�retention areas is that of inspectiau and repair crr '
replaceinent c�f th�trea e�t�rea's coznpc�neuts. Generally,this involves nothing more th�n th+e '
routine�aeriodic�nai�te�ance that is requi�e��f any lat�dscaped area. Plants that are '
apprc��riate fcrr the site,clinlatic,and waterrirtg cr�nditic�ns shoulcl be selected for use in the '
bic�retention cell- A�Fropriately selected�lants will aide in redu�cing f+ertilizer,�esticide,water,
au�.over�ll maintenanc�reguiremer�ts. Bioretention systeul comg�nents shouid blend over '
time t�uc�ugh pla�t�nd re�c�t gr� ,carganic decompc�sition,and tll�development of a natural
lanuary 2t3f�3 Galifr�mia Stcarmwater BMP Handboak 5 of 8
N�w Development and Re�ievelopment
wrwrwr.cabmphandhatrks.com '
�`� ��
T — � C������
sc�il harizon: These biologic and ghysical grocesses c�ver time will lengthen the facility's life span
and reduce the need far extensive maintenance.
Rc�utine maintenance;shauld inelucie a biasuival he�lth eualuation of t17e trees anci sl�rubs and
subseque�t remc�val of any dead ar diseased veget�tian(EPA,i�99). Diseased vegetatit�n
shauld be treated as�eedecl using preventative and l�rw-toxic m�asur�s to the extent pc��sil�le,
�MPs have the poten�ial ta create very attractive habitats fc�r iue��quitoes and other vect�rs
becaus�of hi�hly�rganic,ofte�heavily vegetated areas u�ed with shallow water. Rt�utine
inspections for areas c�f stauding water withi�the BMP anc�carrective measures tcr restc�re
proper i�i�iltration rates are necessaiy to prevent creating znosquito ancl other vector hat�itat. I�� '
addition,bioretention BMPs are susceptible to i�vasion by aggressive plant speci�s such�s '
cattails,which iucrease the chances of water standing and subse�uent vect�r praductic��a if nat
routinely maintained.
In arder ta maintain the treatment uea's appearance it�ay be uecessary to prune and weed, '
Furthermore,znulch replacement is suggested when erosic�n is evident or when t�re site begiz�tt� '
Iook unattractive. S�ecifically,the entire area may require mulch replaceineut every two to
three years,aII thc�ugll spot mulching may lae sufficient when t�iere are random void areas. Mul�eh '
replacemerit sl�ould b�done prior to the start af the wet seasou. ;
New Jersey"s Deparrtuiezlt c�f Envirann�ental Protectian states in their bioretention systeins
standards that accumulated sediment and debris removal(especially at the inflow p�int)will
�ormally be the primary maultenance function. Qther�oteaatial tasks inclucle replaceznent of
dead vegetation,sail pH regulation,erosion repair at inflow points,mulch repleni�lunea�t,
uncic�gging t�ge uuderdrain,and repairing overflow structures. There is also the passibility th�t
the cation exchange capacity of the soils i�i the cell will be significantly reduced over time. '
Dependii7g on poIlutant lc�ads,soils may need to be repl�ced within,5-10 years of cc�iistruction
(LII},2000). '
Co�t '
Ca►nstrttctiorr+�`o�t
Constr�uetic�ii cost estimates for a bioretentian area are slightly greater thau those;for tlie
reqtured landscaping far a new develogment{EFA,1999}� A general rule of thtun�i(C�fFui�n,
i9�9)is that resideufiial bioretention areas average about$3 to$4 per square fc�t,clepeuding t�a�
sc�ii coziditi�ns and the density and types c�f plants used. Commercial,inciustrial and
institutional site casts can range l�etween$lo to$4o per square foot,based on the need fr�r
cc�ntral structures,curbiug,stor�z drains and underdrains.
Retrofitting a site ty�ir.ally casts inore,�veraging$6,50o per}�ioretenfiian�rea. Z"�le higher costs
are ath.7buted tQ the demolition of existuig cancrete,asphalt,and existing,structures and the
replaceme�rt Of fll inatez�ial with glanting sail. The costs of retrofitti�xg a commercial site in
Maryland,I�ettering Development,with i,bioretention areas wer�estimated at$1��,lt�v: '
In any biarete�itic�n�rea design,tbe cost of plants varies substa�tially a�d cau�ecount fc�r a '
siguific�nt p�rticrzz c�f the e�enclitur�s. While these cost estimates are slightly greater thaz�
thc�se af typical landsca�ing treatme;it(due ta the increased nun�ber af plai�tings,additi+�n�l soil
excavation,l�a�k�ili�naterial,use c�f ulidercl�ains etc.),those Iandscaging expenses that would be
required reg�rrdless c�f the bioretentian installation should be su�itracted wheu detex�ni�ung the
net cvst. '
6 af 8 California Sformwater BMP Hanclbook )anuary 20t13
New Development anci Redevelopment
www.�at�mphandF�oaks.com '
1 - i �
It�1'�t� '�1 1'1 �' - �
Ferhags of mc�st impc�rtance,hc�wev�r,the cost savings compared tc�the use af traclitional
structural storzuwater c€�nveya�ce system�mak�s bie�retentioz�areas c�uite attr�ctive financiai3y.
F�r ex�npie,the use c�f laic�ret��atic�n ca�d�cre�se the cQSt required for constructing starmwater
cc►nveyance sy�ten�at a site. A inedical+affice building iu Marylaud was a�ale ta reduc�the
amc�unt r�f storm dr�in gipe th�t was needed frorn 8t�o ta 23o feet-a cost savings of$2q.,t�o+�
(PGDE;R,i+�93). And a new residen�ial develc�pment spent a tt�tal of ap�ro�nately$1t�t�,c�ot�
using bic�retention c+ells on e��h l�t in�tead of ne�rrly$�.00,c�oc�fc�r the traclitioual starmwater
ponds that were�riginally pla�ned(Rapgah c�ck,}. A1sc�,fn residential areas,stormwater
management contr�ls b�com�a part of each property c�wner's lands�ape,reducing the�ublic
burden to maintain Iar��centralized fa�ilities.
IVlainterr�ance Cos�
The operation and maintenauce costs for a bi�retentiou facility will be comparable ta thc��e�af
typical landscapin�required fc�r a site. Costs la�yond the norznal lanciscapiug fees will iuclucle
the cost for testing the sc�ils and may include�c�sts for a sand l�ed and pl�iting�oil.
References and �aurces of Additional Informatian '
Cc�ffinan,L.S.,R.G�c�and R.Frederick,i999=Law impact developznent:an innavative '
alternative apgroach tc�stc�rmwater nianageinent.Froceedings of the 26th Annual Water '
ltesources Plannizzg and Mana�;elneiat�onference ASCE,Ju�e 6-9,fiempe,Arizona.
I)avis,A,P.,Shokouhian,lVl.,�laarma,H.ancl Min�tni,C., "Laboratory Study of Biological
Retention(Bioretentiou)for LTrban Starmwater Manageiuent,°' Wc�ter Envirorz.Res.,�g(1),�-�q
��oor�.
Davis,A.P.,Shok�uhia�,M.,Sh�r�a,H.,Minami,C.,and Winogracloff,D."Water Quality
Improvement t�u ough Bi�rete�tioza:Lead,Ccrpper,atid Zinc," Wc�ter Environ.Res.,accepted for '
publication,August 2oa�.
I�im,H.,Seagren,E.A.,a�d I7�vis,A.P.,"Engineered Biaretention far Remaval of Nitrate frcrm '
�tormwater Runc�ff,"��I'EC�oot�Cv�rferertce Proceedings o�t CDROMResearch '
Symposiu�n,Nitrogen Retrtv�aI,Sessi�n ig,Auaheim CA,�ctober 2t�oo.
�Isieh,C:-h.ai�d Davis,A.P."En�in�ering Bit�retention for Treatment of Urban Storuzwater
Ru�off," Waterstzeds 2c�c�,�,Prcr+��edings vn CL�RC?11I1Zesearc�Symposium,,Session i,,Ft.
I.a�derdale,FL,Feb.2+�c��.
Priuuce Gec�rge's County D�ep eait c�f Euvireanmental Resources(PGDER),i9c�3. Desig�
Mai�ual for Use of B`iQrete�tic�n in Str�rrrzwczter Nlcznagernent. Division of Enviranmental
M�nagernent,Watershetl Protecti�n Bran�h. dc�ver,MD. '
U.S.EPA Office c�f Water,��9}. Stormwater Technology Fact Sheet:Bic�reteutian.EPA 8�,2-F- '
99-or�.
Weinstein,N.Davis,Ai'.and Veer achaneni,R"Lc�w In�gact Development(LID)Starmw�ter
M�z'agement A��rr�ach fc�r�he��ntrol�f ' ise P+�llution fr�m Ur�ian Roadways,"�tlz '
Internationat Cc�nfererzce Ltt;j fu�ef Nt�rzpc�artt P'crllution artd Wcrtershed Managentent '
Pr+�ceedings,C.S.Melc ' �a��d Einre AIp,Eds.�c�o1 International Water Association
7anuary 2003 Catifomia Stormw�ter BMR Hantlb�ak 7 of 8
New C►evelc�pment and Redevelopment
www.cabmphandk�ooks.cam '
� -- �- �
T � ��r ������
CURBSTOPS
� �� � � �
c�a�r �u��r+o-u�miru+���+��uw+r www o�w�rwwsr�rw�wu+�wouw� �W°
u��s � , ,
u wa�w+�w+r�u�uwa��au�wua�rw� u��•W+rv�uY?c?rws�u��rw�rw GRASSFlLTER
wi��.+Y��W'd�GaNW+YU'aYi'iL+YW:�k�Ywu�ww�iY�G4sY'L+Y�Wfk�bySFW7k+asr+k�w�v��+Y . STR1P ��.
4�FW'ti+k'di`+'fW-WY6�Y��k�?Y'riWy�i°Y� '4+h�Y4Y�iF$i4k•+YiP�bt�+fW+P�iYis �.
V�'�Lio ".... . �.:.�.. .:.::::......._�.:.'�. ....�,.� :�'�4�''� .
� s� :�:.. .. ..
aur��r . . o�oNr�.
.t----- �"': . , C3� snNa�ave�
�.¢
OVERFIQW � "°' G1iAYELCURTAIN
. . •_. ,: �:- �. �. • • '� DRAW OVERFI,OW
"CATGH BAS�V"
s�an� - '
UNAERpRAIN COLLEGTIC7N 5YS7EM
P�N v�Ew
S"P(JNEDUIRtiRACiM � �DRAIN N
—�►
:
4 y
� �-
�� _���_�� ....� �.. � �. _ ��.O�""' ....
..��) �1 ^1!('�y_ (' ::. -.. f _
�� � ��! i = ��.
��-{{�� _ __ _'•..� - - � _ � ^:
'--�/11��'ili��� � �.'.•�� i - - -=- - _ � Y S�� � ...
� . _ � �_ _ _ 0�
Ot'TiOFVALSANLI _ _ — _ — _ — �y ��
FIITER tAYER = — — — — —
�� ' IIII�
� - � -.-,e .a • :� .
,� —
6"PQNOING�� . ��:..o-�Q,a?"'p��"' �,.�x�g,a s°',• �_ � .
= _Ililll I— •` _ =w(I1T1
_�� — — —
. .. .�..�.._ ._, _ _T11=1II I I_I I ��=111 I= '
:; '::'::':+--FILTER FABRIG
6,�PERF4RAtED .�°.� �'.a�,�`P �',a ?�:a
w,su..�y; •.yt�,•ra A
PIPE IN 9"GRAVEL '�a�.: ,�,s',� •
JACK@T
TYPICAI.SECTION
PR���C.E
— 5ichematic arf a Bic�retention Facility (MDE, 24d0�
8 of 8 California Starmwater BMP Handbook January 2003
New Developmentand Redevelopment ,
www.canmphandhc�aks:com '
������� � ��
z� l�`� �3u s
'� 1 b,� �� � "E z��c�� � � ��z �
` <�;. � . ��
r^
� � ���� i;,... "
�� i:..��. ��r �
�� �Y`� � � � �,y �
� ?���� t�.�:.�_,.. �.�.>,�.� � ;� �
�� �,
��� e�t�
s
� � � t � �
3 � � �
' ��'s4,1k l � ;`
��\��
� ���s�� �
i�l �.,��� t;� 4 0
�e1�,�ti14��'��*s��y�'�' „? .: '.,
��
y , s�,rv pt �3��„�t �, .;.
",;:<
�� � �
a���� `
,� �����a� �� � � � �
.- � ���t��,�`�r„h� , " � �pe� �
�. .. " � t�.�` .. . Y ��
x.
.. Zt, t �'�Mi`£ � ' ��.
m„ °
z : �°,
o a�a �� : . ,,. � �
. �
��, �.,
„
�.S: �� ..:: .,,� . '... -�, .. .,<;.. 3�`,"�,�'�S s,�.�:.`-�„ . � . :
.,. � � { ti a; . , .
�1 ! $� ��
� ,'.6.: c,� �,;. � '�t�F z: ' �"tti �'f3t,�� �,�; � i. ' n i e
�
4 � ,. � ��� � ��;v� .: . ��'�t����t� �v����'h?� zsY � ' t ��4�� �r�t�,
nl ,� �y.t�.��:.x��-a��� 'i��i,,�.,,z:x r e�,,,�.�a�?,tx�;1�}aUl�'� ���a��,�s� �� �u��`t�3'..�": �,` :�',�.Y�? s�'ks,,`„r ���i`�e � a�,
� .ri=a. s`�;n�\�y`=t..� "�,- � .Y ���`k�����t����'�}�, � ti..� a���?����,���'��� �;��L, !..,.7 �.
r
•,�.. E. c`' 3�'�l>h�' A4.e'q�?".° `v" �'i'�:��1�"� '�� �.
�`" '`t';��`r..���*.�;y�..�� •v;�,`'��'k'�.�`" ti;Y �4; ��.
, .
3 ,
.- ` !�.@,�,,�`�.�.. ' ,��,`� �' ,i.`: " iz.., �.
< y
�
A�R
f$. `
.� �3
a �.:
1
, ' � a. , t{Yy't�s 3 ,�'
q�"�er �•!. . ..
i
..; �`� �. : - �Lt}:�n��,.i�.�t Y 0.u,y�,$
1
tt&" ;} � ly :e 4�:
� ti�} �
�
„ �,.
., . �' ��, n x
.. ` y„ . " �;� ^�, . `��"�� a; . �.. ��� ���*�y��� .
r , . ,.,?.�n ...t.,;,<n .,.., ..E,�. �.
, �
.. , :�
%,�� �
� �
, � , ,
':9.�x� .„ � ,.
�" �'n " _. �t .. .
�
��
, . . �,�. ,,� . ;
a �� w
�, �
. � �;
„ „
� �� � x�����
� ' �� �:s
yt` k 3
.Va t§"y 1' 9 k y �`}" 1
� �.xm�L`� F� ,�,1 .
t _ < : .
� .� ,.. . , ..
� ��{}j ��A�„ £& ��4 atn„
! ' ; � �
� o , �
�� "? ,. at •.�. � S'ce'J9R.2� Y .,� .>. ...
E.,,,� , _'�� ,., � .a?�*, �wa,x:m,�ra`_�. � ,�^"`�.
. � .� " '=: � ,,. :� �......
�.,�,.,si`m � ,.. �- ' � .,. ,�; ...
� . � ;��� ,- :' _, '�r,.
" � �� ..�,:� � �.,
^
n. � >,;, �,,;,e�' ...v ' .
� a.��: ,.,., ..
,. .,p..,., .,,.... �,U �a,y r�ff.
w,,..
.. .s � � � ��D
�
�
,
�,.� . � , � v., fi ����z;� � eN
� , ,
s - �.�,��Ew . � ,�
,,�... � •�� ��
, N.,.,w ,��;. .,.. ' �
��. �
� ,t: �`�'""
�k.,. ��� ���� � _� ,t_. .:.,z? �a;
� ! �..:: .: ��' � �� ��.�,
�� �t� � � _ , > � .
��
...
. 7, �.
, � �
— ,� ,. � �_. _,� ,
�,
�., �� �;��� ��
a������ t, y�
,
f
>� ,.. � � �
�'���,4�
2 ( - 2Z
(ntroduCtion waters such as streams,reservoirs,and lakes—our drinking
water.This runoff also harms vegetation and wildlife with
Nistory of Porous Paving increased water volumes,velocities,and higher temperatures.
Pebbles,cobblestones,and wood decking structures have been The Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 systems protect against this
used since the dawn of civilization to reinforce where we walk �(angerous runoff by processing and cleaning the water,thus
and the roads we use.Little did we realize that these methods safeguarding the natural water cycle.
had benefits over the modern trends of sealing up the ground
with asphalt and concrete.Porous,permeable or pervious State of the Earth
paving—whatever you prefer—became a method for addressing Invisible Structures,Inc.has developed an entire line of products
stormwater issues in the early 20th century.Concrete turfblock to address stormwater and environmental concerns.Rainstore3,
for grass paving began in the mid-1940s Slopetame2,Draincore2,and Beachrings2
and piastic versions were invented in the can work in addition to,or in conjunction
late'70s and early'80s.Great advance- with,Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez to
ments have occurred 'rn pervious concrete, , provide your site,home,or office with
pervious asphalt,and other permeable sur- stormwater and environmental enhance- ',
faces.We introduced Grasspave2 in 1982, '�' ' ments.Our products can store and collect '
improving upon these earlier concepts.In �` rain,provide erosion and sediment control, '
1993,Gravelpavez was unveiled,the only efficiently convey and deliver water,and
product specifically developed for gravel � protect natural areas.
� �
porous paving.Fast forward to this millen- �
nium,and Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez are �, ' t � Advanced Technology
,�
considered by most,the finest porous � ��`�`"� � The Grasspave2 and Gravelpave2 systems
pavers developed. GrasspavezlargeroUsandGravelpavezlargerolls are based on a simple,but imgressive
(notshown)instat/quicklyandconformtothecontours teChnology—a Series of rings (Cylinders)
In�itration connected on a flexible grid system.The
oftheground.
Porous paving allows rainwater to percolate cylinders are engineered to withstand
through the pavement's surface and back into the ground significant structural loads and the grid provides stability,
(infiltrating),where the water is cleaned and returned to ground flexibility,and continuity for large areas.The grid system aiso '
water supplies.Porous paving improves upon impermeable sur- has the unique ability to be roiled up for easy shipping,
faces,such as concrete or asphalt,which do not allow for this handling and installation.
natural filtration.Rain collects airborne and surface pollutants Th'rs engineered design allows for any street-legal vehicle '
such as sediment,brake dust,chemicals,vehicle exhaust,oii, (and sometimes larger)to park or drive on our Grasspave2 or
salts,fertilizers,bacteria,and animal waste.On irnpermeable Gravelpave2 surfaces.The point load pressure is transferred
surfaces the polluted rainwater runoff(non-point source pollu- from the top of the ring,through the fill material and cylinders,
tion) 'rs collected,concentrated,and discharged to downstream to the engineered base course.
. ,
�
� � � �,
,. s � ;�,
� �� ,�, �. �
, .
� � , a � �� � ��
,.s� � �� � .,:�. , p,.� „ k �';
���14. � �'�, ' xx � ' .��_ .�ry �l � fn a •�P � ..
{}
}
i
m
. � �
j ��
. � ` ,t , � � . � ,. +i { � q -.. . �
` �4�f :� � � �.� �� C e �� * � �' � � � "' � y
pr'
d.t� �`� . .�` • .kp4" ;;t W . �%'Pz� "tv` ��t
�B�`'� }�qrvur�m ��„ p ��;W ��3 ��.� �� �' 4 `??4� '�' ..
�a}� .Xi�F'+" P � '�'�'a,�.p�,ri� �[' �n iv4i�*� �. . �i..
�
� . C i �q �� �t'"" n'# �'� �,�. 3'+ 1� :� '' �»
� {}f���fl 4� ���� p�b'. � � �p � �g�� "� �: � b� � � �
� �o� �� �R�$ ` �,* � � �,�� S py � . ,t
� .��'� � � �M��T ��Nq" ��S ,.� k�=Ln ���' w� 6„ '� � � �"�:;
�� �� � � � � :� � � � �"�":!
� � ` �rM��h`� �f � �6`ti � �..t �' � .€
{� ��� 4 `§"' � rt: y� � .�� y'�"�° � i�.
� i` ��+�`� `j °�`� .� t `a,��� � k ��� M
e �„ .s�� 7�" � ��Hs '���"�." � ��r � � &�� �
�� •��� ��� `�'����� ��..��� r ��� ��� � F.. � �.��' ��.
�� z���s�� M�. ���' ����I'�. ""s,,�.,� ;�,����� ��
� � ,�{y �
_
",'C
� � . „ . .� �_ .
. < e: 4 v ...._ , , ��..
4 . :. .�-.. —�- �r
r
�a �` vp .,. .
`� �� �a���� ���< •,�:' ��,. �
�,.,„ �
.s a A�. 'k �.
4e
y r '
a�' s
x
�a �,��a'{ ` .
t ; � w � "�
° x- � q�� ��� � � � ��
���,� ¢ ,y����,�„� � '�`���; ��� �� � ��� �
�az� �4�{a't M"�,, .'��Sd�'Y" ��..9a�,�:���'a_. ��`j�, . ....
� r„
Wallace Residence,Savannah,fA—�ravelpaveZCreatesa wheeichair-acr�ssiblesurface bystabilizinggravel and supporting tire pressure:7%drycement wasmixed withgraveibefore fillingrings.
Cover photo:Westin Kiertand Resort and Spa,Scottsdale,Arizona—Grasspave2 fire lane and�ravelpave2 fire lane(concrete witlening). ',
( --�,?�
� €��.'����� ,�"'�; � , �: ,�:, � i =� . �.�. .
��„Uij-�`c`�. , d8 . a.
..�� p�r, .`o-�y m'a� {�� � :�� }''�+.+ K 5 w, . ,. .Y:�,. ^a`z.�
t. 4 9 �
�������k�,, �'4',� � 4 ""i���Y �"r�„„,e��,':; e �`t{� °• k a�f 6 "� ° . � P t � d r "P .
"
��. � : , .,�, .
i ' ' f 9 ' e �t t.t t t . !
.„m .
0
�'m.�.._, � :`; ..` , ..1 .. . ,. � �� .�� , ,� � � . .
` < � .�+a.€a . •�,.' rc��
�` � . .��' ' t � 1 ! // •. i !t �
n
x �w,�z�.. .. � ,.. . .._. .. I ...
. : .,...._ t.a;.... �
; ¢�..:.�. �.
�. S
a � <„,
_ ,�_ _�. �,, .. . ..e= �. �
� w ,� � : � ;
• ��, � �� x �...
' � �,
� � : �� �
, �a
x �
,t.,,, _ a....�r , s
.
� , � . � ..>
�� ,^ ��'
� ����°�� �� � � .�"��„� .
��°`:;�,'' ��, '� � � � � „; �� �� � �S> �
t � .
�, �.,... � ��.�����.�� � � ,. � �
� „��«
_ ..
�
n., � ;
wy u
u �
9. -�— �
� ��'�r �„-
n:
r �`''�`�` n�u�i��j �a��,x��s�u�r�,��� �-
� _ `
� �
� � ,��
� �
�
� "� ' x
,
� � � ,.� .,; . �, ,,... " .t��,t ��� �. n�Cx.. :.��: �� .
� ,
,ti.ti
. � w�
��3
„ .
r y
y,
�. �,,.,,, Y�, s
, . _ �� �_
, � ��
„�, ,�.�� a
., .,zr aa. a,',,,,y
.. ��..i h '.
..,.r . �:.,�. . C �
�, i4r�:.. �'. �� .
� � .�: ' � f .�
� , � 5 � v��. .v
. G�p�� � ,qa1� .�.n..�� , , 't
— `"ti 6"�1� .,.. ' ' �
� r�. ai S� „ e ?P
�4�'�� .,Mn:�'�, �' .. t ': cS �
� � � +�'k,;. �.
� F z
� u.Maa n� . tl�•+ i sv .a„ri
�,..
..S§ . �r.�,s . �' ,.n.._� .,,. �ti "J, ,...:�
j ',
�, r r'„
n „
. e ., . . .. �w i
k .:3 ..< < ' �
.,.
�'
,;.,.x. . .F, m � c r
_ . .:. ��`v' m�.
� ��,...,, t ' �
7{ � . . . �s�� `
M� V'� �.. ". '?
`;. �'�d " :- .
i '�� ... '.,,w.�� . . .
� \i:.� .�v. . «a'��u,.s.., '�-; ..°
., .; `.t si .. �. .:
�.
� �...'r�v�_� , ... .�. ..
..., f
;. .�, ,.l+ , . . $�..��,
7 .�,...�.�v ,.'..� � . . '.. _.
§s�Y%.'�.Ml,�;�K`�'1 a.Y„a.r 1 i .. �� ;,\..0+.v., d
h
.}
s,� .. ,
�b� �o.� �...
� �
�
��
�t a X � l�.x ��kc'��"4��t�, ��� a, ^a.� '� a
��"b�''�'" �, � : d '� i xa��s'�� '� '� k �
�. ,
"".N �'� S� " �2 d ... ...,_.a ., �H .�.x,
S�. � � � � ;� �
,_.. .S.:.zox . 2 ...'
�d, � � � . .,,,�� � ��,. __. �
_.. .,
__ _ �.
, .
� � � ' �
"'� � � `��� : :�. � �.. �'� ;�
M. a
� "i ��
,��� � � ���..a� - � � �� ��»� �y��
_��s�,
��'�`�o� � j �� prs° r, .,� 4�. �* � �° +3�s'� �r� � �,`�
S�. ��t ��, y 1. i��.
� �,v�.,
f }
io- .,.... w. . e. s �._ . . aas
,_,n .�._ � m . , . , •. .' .
f i,
� �.. : .. .a. . � :�
., �� '
F, �
v
;�'e� 'n , ,�3 i �� i ,:. .
r E
� �0. +� c ..... ..".. ' .
a � k� .�.� � ���°
�
' b
x,� � 5� t D �'.
t ��I
. +
�
;
' � , T
,`;. '. s . �.. I� ` �,. .
� �
� �" I'
i+ �
�� � 4� ' iii .� � x,
� .. � . . . '. ,
��� �
� v J�.
�.
�.� � "'. ° ��� �i< , �. I I ' . .. .. . ....
�+S ? \�a
X� �
� +. .
yt
e
r� _ %
.. ,. ' , .. n' ,. `
��.� a t� , ,.
..
,. �� � ° � �ry ;
q � c`5 6 s �I � �
4a ��i � II I ' � � .
t�,� -� , Gp,y .
i
4� '. �.. '3 ^
� `�"�t4� 9 i '.
a�� � . � �,�. ...
....� a "�,+ '�'�, t '.. `wPa.
i x'��.�x#k,��
( 40 .,� r i_._.
r�1�' f3 �..� 4 �t � � ,
?�'
� ����� � E���'
� s ��
2
tE
,i Y . 4��� E� .��
�,� �� ''(, �.I � .
` r, .,.� i t�� II. � . E
?>�� ,.'��,��jP i � Il)"
IV
d'a��.„n t�1 � I I I� � } I'fI'... !
����t !i ���I II I� ..
�
c
i
��.
;�y;� 9�
5:
., li I � 1,�III ��r ;� , .
I�
', .� I II I I ��::�I .
� v I , ,' ''`t
m �
:c, . �. .�, . . � ,
. ,.... .,; � '. ..» ., '� �"..
� ',,,. ._. �Yy� �n���l ... -,� f o � �: .
r `�'� �I�ff '�� � i �r''2 l�i �4tk�li��'�lil�l �� i �� � �
� � a
�� � � ili
�'� �
+" "' s' �
'�� ,<
���� i
.� � `� 6� ��'1 � #e
��� � " r"z �'��� ��� � �
. b,
�. ,
���7 �'�� � � ��
e.,,.
._-" t� �� .� � � �, r
� ��ti. , � �._�� ., v,. .
� , � �. , ,, :� :
�� ,��t .` ,. � '`�� ��x;�. . . �#
*�N �fi� � w p��.��
k^,.
.���,,_ ' , .
. , ,§:.�,�...�...:. : .
4 , �- Z �°
The ring and grid structure is 92 percent void s�ace allowing for under�all conditions.It's also a good desigri practice to strengthen
the healthiest root zone for grass(in GrasspaveZ} and mnre deco- concrete sidewalks and curbing that will be mounted by fire trucks.
rative gravel (in Gravelpave2) for some of the most attractive CSI 3212 43 Flexible Porous Pavers
paved surfaces around.Less plastic means more natural looking In 1997 The Construction Specifiers Institute(CSI) came out
surfaces.This technology also makes for better runoff coefficients With a generalized listing(02795) for a11 porous paving products.
and better percolation rates. However,since performance and application is varied even in the
120 psi Maximum on Public Highwaysi porous paving industry,the 2004 CSI MasterFormatT"' has adopt-
Even empty,Grasspavez and ed a new number 3212 43 Flexible
Gravelpave2 will support 2,100 psi Porovs Paving,to recognize that
(14,470 kPa)—we11 over the 120 psi Grasspavez and Gravelpavez are
highest truck tire pressure allowed in a class by themseives.
on public highways.This is a safety Best Mana ement Practice
factor of 17 times.When Grasspavez Porous paving is recognized as a
is filied with sand for part of the root Best Management Practice (BMP)
zone medium,the strength increases by the Environmental Protection
to 5,700 psi(39,273 kPa).The safety Agency,the Center for Watershed
factor increases from 17 to 47 times. - ° ` Protection,the U;S.Army Corp of
The heavier a vehicle�,the more axles ��" � �"`�' ��� ' '� ��
and tires it needs to support the load � ,��° �` Engineers,and countless other feder-
Z �e���,�' �,�,� ,° al,state,regional and local authori-
being carried.Grasspave and ��A��p�, ,� �,
GravelpaveZ will meet and exceed ��� "� ' �'t�� � ties.In addition,Grasspave�and
� 5 � �`� ��`'� �'° Gravelpave�are often mentioned
d�7 108CI1ll CT1t2Tlfl. � 4 �„ a���"'�+.m�i� ����' 'v `'�'�
� �� t����,�"�.,��,��� �� y , `�}t�"�, � by name,as the product of choice
Vehicle loading Examples. '`�b�������`��` for many of these agencies.
Auto tires;40 psi � ���_-�� ��' '��
Truck tires: 110 psi '
DG10 tires:250 psi Applications
F-16 tires:350 si TheUniversityofSouthAtabama,MobileusedGraveipavezinparkingaisles
p and Grasspauc�in the spaces: Stormwater Management
Fire truck with outriggers:78psi The Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez
(An 85,000 lb.truck distributed to systems can easily handle storm
four outrigger pads is equal to 21,25Q lbs:for each outrigger pad water from an intense storm dropping three inches of rain in less
with IZ'x IS'surface contact with Grasspave2.) than thirty minutes!In one square meter(40" X 40") there are
All these vehicles are well within our 5,700 psi loading capability. �44 rings,two inches in diameter by one inch high.W'rth one inch
With a sturdy base course design,our rings wi11 easily perform of fill in the rings and a standard road base of sandy gravel six
,�.,� ���
�
�� __ ��_
h�,,, ,
� ...
� ... �
_.� ,, �
_,
-, ., , �� . �
�� � . �
-; �����y� � K �,���� � i _ . � ...
�
�
�
I���,'���,���� � ���� � � ���'
��i 4 � � �� . � � ��-5� �- �°����
, � `_.. „ vt �� s '�
'���^ ��� �
, � ��
w� ��a z ���
e, ,�... �
��1 t � ��
� �� �
� �
... .w ,, m_ e. ,�.:
, ,. ..tr�.i �, , ..
�
�t`'�
Bowditch Point Regiona?Park,Fort Myers Beach,florida—GraveipaveZ parking bays blend in with the natural surround+ngs: '
A f 4 d S -0 . t '! ��
s.� er � a� sa e Eaa a• � ,� � � � �
Y
,;
,,' :�,�
��a4�� `�,� �'�� `� ���i��„�`��' '�,'�.4 ��� �F�'�'�R 1 1 . . �, .
;�����L�� �< � �� �� � �4� e���� �
�,�j� t . e �',, t bti F ti,��''."4. �kt�it�i ���`;,�1` �,.�v
k �,,'�i�h s t � 3 t�2r �.t�k j'�t�w; ss i
���� � � ����3��� � ���`�x��'�,t����������,�„z`y� �
� :' s i�.� a� §�' ���y'"�'z �,�},;y'����-��'�a �"7����e�a��.A,���..��' . .
. ,,,..`: ,� ,`'' .,` r �, ;�t4� t� �t�'�,s'^.t��,��s-,,``s �.,
, ,. . . 2��,�z � �r
t �
X Z 1 y �
���'t �) 4 `��''� "�y�`'���� `�.
`� '" `� .: � ' v'.,� t i l 1
1¥ `�' �3"tjt��?.,��iy`�`:'���Yl�'y.��
\
t? , (
�
4
x �
�
� �
a �y,
�
�
�4 k' s i .
r �'v �
,s� e� , �� n.c3�s,�4t s�..��`�5��,��'�i� :i�.�c'� �.
:i �` '� i a�.';� �" �-�'��`��`t'�::��`'`; zY'`�s�,t�'.�3."�`,"�. j k"� t i.
': , ' ," ,. ,a< �n ,�?� rt������a�'p;��3� � i�; t�ti �t, 4
;;. , �.;:,; � ° �`
� " � .,„
,_ , : rt `� �i�t�S����y�i�`�k�l���i�����s �
:;��, �," ��� 'r � � � �?��` � �''`�; � �2��� ?���'��^ �t3`�� �� ��
,«;i �t , � �,�,�� ,,z,z �v,� r�;;;������.,.,.,t����;�;`�2'�tSti �� "��,
_ . �'�;.�' .: ��, . ,.:�i_., ,.�* °.�.-,..'�,�,. � 3.,. � �+a��,�r,���r 3�z�������z�`�.�e�� .'�
`E,�.,. .... ��..,,. �: � � '� � ��;, ., °+,3�4S R�n�� ?�, �, �,.,, � �'�ii
e,, w.,e c ,b ,0.. .,...�,
_.... ro. , ��.,�:... , s... ,ar.. a
,. �-` 3`„: . ,,,. ' _ .e .,� . ........ ' y� . 4�
aH,Y:: ,� : : 9
,.., t.� dL4e •
�y� 7
' � '�� 4s � t ,� X C
e' s�3 v . �' t ;.'
ka�� � ,. � ,5< <, ., .
�.� _, „ �. ,.. ,x .,. ,�� s ,.i.. '�, ° � �
t�� ��.,�a�� �� �,�
�� �� r i
�
..w�:... m., ..F
� � k� ,
��,. �.��z `
�, ,;�$,
��,
�
�,� - ��'�;:
u �
� }�
ti�
�„
��s� ;;
� ���� r
�
`��'�°� � �
�„�h
������� � ���� .�}
; ���t�� �� � �,
���� � ��4 ��.
�
�.
���"
i
�,
6 1 - 2..-�
inches thick,our porous systems will percolate approximately Pedestrian,Horse Trails and Bicycle Paths
'h inch of rain per hour!A seven-inch section can store 2.4 inches Garden paths,greenhouse aisles,s'rdewalks,park paths,and
of water(about 20 percent void after compaction).Alternatively, wilderness trails paved with Grasspavez/Gravelpave2 provide
hard surfaces„such as asphalt and concrete,shed 95 percent of a stable surface for strollers,bicycies,wheelchairs,and horses.
storm water. There are no puddles or mud and traction is very good.Tree
Aesthetics roots break up hard surface sidewalks,but our mats flex to
As a designer,engineer,contractor,or homeowner,you can be sure accommodate such shifts and gradient changes.Plus,with the
high proportion of air,xoots are discouraged from moving upward.
Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 can deliver a more beautiful surface Mountain bikers will not be able to tear up paths reinforced with
and add a unique look to a site.Grass simply looks better than Grasspavez/GravelpaveZ.
asphalt and decorative gravel has been used for centuries in Our products can resist '
landscaping.Space constraints can be dealt with by combining the destructive forces of
the beauty of grass or gravel with the utility of paving. mountain bikes,allowing
Trees and other vegetation not only survive,they thrive with your trails to be reopened
Grasspavez and Gravelpavez.Porous paving has the ability to to bikes. �
deliver water,oxygen and carbon dioxide through the cross seo- Fire lanes
tion—all essential to root survival.Concrete and asphalt suffo- By far,the most common
cate and starve the raot zones of water and air.With Grasspave2 2 ' `�~� �v��
application for Grasspave and
and Gravelpave2,you can now design in as.many irees and plants �ravelpavez installatiflns is for �
�
_
as your site will aliow.Grasspave2 and GravelpaveZ prevent com- fire lanes.Our long and established w �
paction while allowing for ample amounts of water and air.Cars history of providing safe,well-
can then drive and park below tree canopies.Saving exist'rng, constructed fire lanes began in �
mature trees is also possible with our products—our structures 19$2 with our first installa- �
can come within inches of the mature tree trunk without damage. tion in Snowmass,Golorado, �
Our mats have the ability to flex with the tree root growth that near Aspen Ski Resort.
would otherwise damage and crack hard surfaces. Since then,we have firmly �
Environmental Benefits established credibility for ��� ' ���
3��
Grasspavez and GravelpaveZ not only protect the environment, this application.Tests have
they enhance it.All of our products are made from 100 percent been conducted by several
recycled plastic—plastic that goes into improving the environ- fire departments in Aurora, � ;
ment and not into a landfill.Thraugh bioremediation,porous Colorado and Irvine,
pavers have the ability to clean pollutants(heavy metals,96-99 California.Nearly every
percent;suspended solids,95 percent;phosphorous,65 percent; major U.S.metropolitan
nitrogen,82 percent,hydrocarbons,up to 100 percent) out of area has accepted and used
stormwater.Our products also reduce erosion and soil migration, Grasspavez in a fire
reduce site disturbance,and contribute to airborne dust capture lane.You will most
and retention. likely find a.
a fire lane � F
Cooling the atmosphere and reducing the"urban heat island installation '� i
effect"(cities being up to 10 degrees hotter than undeveloped rn your ��` � I� ��
� ,;
l an d) a r e a d d e d b e n e f i t s o f G r a s s p a v e2 an d Gr av el p a v ez.Both area.
�` �, � �
products can mitigate these increased temperatures.In addition,
GrasspaveZ promotes the conversion of carbon dioxide (green-
house gas) into oxygen and has an"air-conditioning effect."
Driveways ° � �� �
Environmental,economic,and aesthetic enhancements are ' _��
dt�awing homeowners and designers to use GrasspaveZ and ���`,�� ' ������°����,`
Gravelpave�in driveways.Most residential driveways are good �_;��� � ����������
candidates for our porous duo because of the reduced speed and =�'�� ������ `°'`
�' �°`�
limited frequency of traffic.Our products can add beauty to ��'
�v ����� ,
residential and commercial driveways. ,
,�� ��,,��
Parking Lots � '����� � ��
Parking for churches and synagogues,stadiums,arenas,and '
overflow at shopping centers,campuses,parks and more are
ideal for Grasspave2 and Gravelpave2.These sites generaily
support large numbers of vehicles but only on periodic basis. !
Stormwater management and green space can be combined with
parking,reducing maintenance,real estate,and development
costs.A great design idea is cambining durable Gravelpavez ` " $ ' ' ' `° �} " " ', � ° ' �° �
. .@s �:8 � �� 88 rft' 9 9 J d. J
drive aisles with attractive Grasspavez parking bays.
d ar^ c e �e i t aa� e .aa°
a��m � . �A� ,� r�e.e°s. a t�e e e,a ��'.
Apartment compiex,Goncordville,Pevnsylvania�--5everal overRow�ravelpave?
x�r=� parking lotsencnmpass the rnajarityofCheperimet�rarea vn the westarrd�ouChsitles
ofthe pr�perty.Grasspav�(notshown)is instatledonsiCe in twograss fire tanes.
¢ ;l,':
t §..
�`
4
�
. . � . .. � { �. � �
� . . : ��K . , b • t
4
C
, • � . ''� � � _ � 4
§ ���r,� �`4 y � .
U�i g I�+�� 7 f
� ,,��,w. '.,. ,. � ,�, � �' q ��� ,� .
.r5�`�� d �0. .�'� p� M1* �$. 4
�� � �?� �� . .� .
a.�,� � ��„ �e s � �. U d
.: , ' t � ' � t ��y K ' 2,.�9
P,"�a � .-g ,�: ., . #�� � � �y��,,� � ..
`� € 6`� �:� a � 4 ,�.,v� t a>�7'r�"�`���' t����s�j �� � t�g�� ,`'���'�. ss �"" �.�,�"�t b� �'e� h ��+�vW;
�. �� d, � "i�„��'� i i��3 � ��,:a� `� � �1� a t i,;� '�^ � t
�t SY�;v � � �,��� � ,�a �t . � az��} �� � .aa � » �.,.� i+� � .. # �e� �. �a^�sn�i�� i �����F� .:t
y � ck�.6"a� "` .i�.��� t �� ,.�,�t , �,�`v,^��. ;1r4��r� �i��ir�j"�� �` "a+� ?`' � �, � .nk ` 4 , E � 3 ;,.b-.
,.x.s t'r�. a k r�,Ka � t3�� �``f1� ;ta �� ,.�ii" !� � �� v � e� a; Se 3 ,,,. + ?tfl; "� � �
^a �..;��wr � x�`,�.�. .1 `� �`i� . � „ , .�� 2 .� w'` '�t -: �.�". �. ': � ',`�,`�,�,'�tP�`�'��'��.4;��i�a f�°"� �"�,�� ,, a .:. � .� � �,... . t t v��. :'�, r ,a,..�':;
s t � e��`.�"t ��.�' J t �} , 3 �szl�.�:,1 u`�v:��.�'�, #y�, �'^,.�1"�i,�.?�e,.�,,L3 V .�:.,.y.ui �'s �, � ��"'�ua�i.,.. �:�.a�' ° �`�t.�' r�,�'t�.:: 24��,a i,s
� + a ���t e� �� �1;.":,^; �� t.a e`"`a �� �, � � v„ �Isa' j :z� ? �i � � �v +
.s t t �, . �t.,::� �k! 3 s..: t�i �:'. Y�1�6����*`� t'�t'�.� ���.��:�i��S�"s x tis� �"'�� d; �' e �. t .: ��. ��v€�`ssr �:r w a �� :"� ,'�. .
.i:. " � `.`";�'.:� '�s ..,:.„,a�� 7 ' `' .'�y,, �. x i�� ,f.:� Z,h:s 2r`-'�.. .i,� ',°�' „.�,�t�' v`3•��q$�e '� $.:�3''', � �6.?c.� t ',y��c x'�`s s ; .,.:.w .t�, k,.,�=
�a :�a <<�i �i4 �:;,t�t i #�c�t-.��''t.uS.l,�t�.��, 3.�.��.�, e��Y? i�. ��:��,<T�.� �-•`��'��,.. r��ae s �! �t�?.e s,� �.e��x..�:7...�. ��;�'a�z:. �4.�;.� � a
7�,'s.;� +..��r' . � v Y�°� �t u txt �a�x � "Ey, �i��,���xh� a �' �l.' i a�'����k,�, a�� w � ��,�t�i �t ;���, �'�F� L` ,a� ::,a� �unr,,
R w,i� a..`;�: `.��'��;.� � ,�i,.fi�:.lc���.",�"'�4 �v4�`�;�'.m ..�.; �, .�� .„1�c-,-,� �,� r z� �°� aa :���`,w ���s`t�.,,. s� ti5. i u`� r��r; t;a
Y��� ,,�,�e a a t,`. �a ..:ti��"�.����.i�'�``"is��U�%"�;��'4ti�'c��'���3' `�,t��.,�.. ,� � �,� � y� .� «�v�� a��� -'�',��I,��`�����r�""�' � s r ��:��,:':�,� �::
`�b ?�.e:� 3 M q5 �.f �t��t��i"�.`��.1�`��:``�"'���l�v� ;��'� �'"� �a.,� `„�, fr � � vr 34 'fy {�a�S��1 �•S�y���`�..w: y#� �' �
� ¢ya���3 r���'�"3 `�.'�` . '�, � � � � � aa `� `'t �, '"�`� v;�=.�q�, � ..
�"� ��&���`s s��x' �,:�?z,��„?t�',a.^ � . ,� �s wa�.ti,� ���t�;xi.' ���''��'�����t�p��^#��������u,��`�& ��'��.�����+ :�'�x _
� N�`�,$ Y l4#`w �� '`��' 4` 1�. '� ;�„y�t�1«4�� :e^�. k���'��b�'a.�.y
�',� y��, � ti t����, t ,�* ��� k"z� aik m�.�a�`�� �..�.-."�`
� ������ � � � �
u � � R .,c}�}� 3 �'
�t�.k�,�'�4' 4 �I�E. 4' � � �a�,!t �']�' . � .
gy., �
��� a� �,�s. . nz� ,� � .��,
y � ���� �� �� ��� �r x�������� �
���d �+.r
'�e. „�, r �"1 1. �� ,. �.. �r"u'r �J �-e
,yY w'��t: � s�, , �1 t�a��(� h �`� �tb u�^ t} ��
Y
.� a: 4 .w 4� t�' 3:.� ..� Ss i3
� ,
" � �� .����,���� �� � � � � ( � �
�'rvh _y�., d'`as".M1, g:��c �� ie��&t h } ��Y��i.. } � � .
� ': �.a. . W� p �. 1 �.v { '�i
.r. � ,t # +�� ;�}k :.° � ry � a li� � .� s �a,r�v ,t
; � � e. ��� ��� � ��
� �
� "� �. � ' x �� �g"'` � �+` � s � �
�� � � � ��" t M�� .., r�i` � :�'� . � r�� .� �£:t � ���� �`��������� �..:� ,
sr w � �a �*6 �
... �°� � ���� �' IX . ' � .�
, ,...,..�,� �. . '� �,µ
m� � "�^�a:+�f"'�"
:.m��a ��`"� � � �+ � �
� �, „,�
� �.w� � ,� � �� �
a s ��� ����''3t�^�'.',�,.,��,'w��� ���,��a �� .��'t`�a .; - , '".'� • '�*-� .. "'�3��� '�'� .°� µ`" ..
3
x'� 5 4 i„, 'y.,� !^ "�
>a}maaxar� �?� ` ��M v.��" � - Lk � °�`-.x "°'°� � _ �—
� "�'^�. � ��.���. .
� a� a;.
'..� � .:�} �' ..S� ��, _ �...�s
�
q� ,� �c � � .�+ �„,� �" +*� � � ��'
' � v ' a� �' � # �
°^ ' ��' � 3 t� � �.. ��"4-..� �.. i : � r . ��1'
� � } i £ � `^' Y $ � �#�� t J�S d� -'� 4 w; h
2 4 ` g f
"s T. � 't� a°" :�� �" " � � : : t
c, C
g P � � ��% �` ..
a a y � � ��' � tb�""� ,.. � �t � f
>� `� TF p� ��a, t p� �` � m^� � -+._�„ d
a s .� d�.� w"'�' �� ��ut�' � � k`� -�� �^
�` k "�,°.�» ;�4;� „. r �. �4"'�y� �,�"`� R��,ww�`� y.�,c hR
• � ff3 �u . 3 (, 4 „�h�� � ' y �: r�v' +ah�rv. »
�W ��` � �`" Kr � �;j �ss.a�'�t � �" ��`x���`�����t �.
��� _:: �- y
r��:" a r.a a� $a ,� � t � " � x .�'f x. � 3�-�',.a�+y.
.
� " P s at e �' ,�`6��: �a "��
a �� � '� �. 3 a, ti � �,,�: � 't��� r� : � ^�"� t. t'�«" �"� ��,��"'�.� � ��.A,y
+" �? � '� � ri ��+ �t � � a � `�� 2 .� �.� � s� � �� . �
Y '� � � 3 �� * � r � �i3 '�,� .�°° �'yu's �wr��.. � �� � ` e
� � � � Y x °. � y� ���,�� . s �'e�'���`� ���y��,� .»t+��,,, �t'�-�.
r �. �
��� � �; �� � � � „� � � } 4,�
�� � ��"� � � � �� �� x ;, � °��,�� �i ��t' s��$ ".F�'�"y��,�'�:�"���F�.�a°:�� ����"��� a ��� �
�� . � :. ° . � e .� �,�„, � , , '�! , e� ��'��!., p r �s��{ t":G+ �r�� s� �„"�� p �� ��#�'^*''�c" .�"��,y."'S�,
x .� r°� ,.�w '' � � r... +{ . a �L ��..'���"��.��sa�4 I° F*4�'������` �"{��.�".,�:ea'�s.�„��,.�`.�.�^���� "�i,�-k�� ��" �. ������j I ���
�.ae , �"+ � p ^i „� r�i n ��.r c + `^5 F^,�,. � a r"�4."�S 'T �.9
� ��E e �a F� � ��'�� ��� �' ��.� � �� ����*����i'�`�`�����"" �i� t°`�p��` .'���a �±»�„�g � �g �-=y. �¢�,����' ��� ����
� ;�t, � ,,,. � � �� w;� �
s ��, . t., �a+r d +��� a r �'"�x k �, ��..r�'a� ¢s�° � �.w �„�" ���„,^°F:,�, .;�� �� �� �� y; �
�i �e � �' � � �. � s����. �"°p'� & '�` '��§"�taaz�`�3 �,�i,,z: �. .�Z�:a`��'.� Y��.'� "'��'""�� w�""�.�c'�� *�� ,'g��"� d� �,`�,., �^�.r� .���, ��.�``��� "���.
s
r � x x,��:�., �� a � a s � �*+y� ,�. '^'��" W.„;� .� a , ; .�,� .�...�t '�"a, �+,�,n.` �" +_..> ..�.��..'�
-v� a r � ,��4 : a r �<� d ` � �: � �'i 6�, "": rr��,g �,� m:�r � �,�. �aw�, � ,�a �� �,^��,e�. � ,.a�
�"' a s � �, � ����„ �,:,:.�..,�'�'"t��.� „�, � �" �^���:�...`� �s^°r" a�a ��'�S;r��n ,�'����:,� e �s� � ���` � a'�� !�"� "� �� „e,���:�� � i �. .,�
�` z°,:.:a'�} ,##.$ �,.�`t��.� a' —k; °� s � �°,�g �,;��d�,� `fi�� �, n a , � ,W,S,. .,,� { � y�'"� '.�„�t � g�'se 4..�'�m,+'' "� .@ �.:t���ts��.
�., �. � � ; �,� Y� ...�� � �,c�s � � .."* $*�.��,. � � r� `��,.,��'d�y a�,""��. '�* ''� � '��',�et. �`��:.�"�"` �«a-� � � '�„�;� `�'' � � � '� ��.
; ��. � �,,�°khm��"�d �'^ ff .� � �',�a �^4*� � ��§; �; ��. i��,s:�s.� �'a `� ���, ��. ��.� � �..�s,�+.+-�.. �� ,�4� a �� �a:
r` � a ^ a °� �'r a� �. 8 °� : � �' ��(;: r � ,+:'��a t^� ��'� .,€ �,�{fi„ �. �a°, � ..�„,� �'u,"3 �.
a ��:P {° � f�„" `.„ `�'�3 *�"; ' & a� "'�� ,n.. m�r'��,.'�'��'"' .�,`�"�'�, �^ ; �"�,'�€�k��s.�..� � p� �Pe� '� �.
+ "` ��; a^^q, as�`'�3;� �a� r „`x ,,� ��?�$ � � '4�r,�" � �� �a' ° � a � ��r4"����""y+�, t�`�� �f �..�^ � � �,�
�n; w f �v, ..-;� ;� � � s�` �k�� E t�'u a �:.,�a�"�, � s �. q �e �.m � �3 a�e;,„cx�a t�..�,��.�a�",�°,;'�� �. - �.�., �`"'��, fr ^ti.
� .�"� � awa'� � �� "� v+ � � °�'�..�v,'��ra.mu "',��f�ns`'°, � '�„� ,� � *� . �. : �^€ �;.. � � . �, � b ,�.
i ��, � �a + ' �^�rr �w�, r � s?�..� � a ��. � �. r � 4 � �:
�� + � �` � "�°� ��' � , � �u "e� � � rry � �'n�"�� �', �3 ,� .� � �� .� � ��*,„� �a�. ;.r �
y � �'^�' ,„�< � 5 i �! �r � � ,� � . '� � r� E .t�+�, xC .5��"�°" � .. ria ��. � C�°�t ^�+ �+'� ,: � � m �-=¢�"� ��.�; �
� a '" '-a: � ' ��,��re� x^�;�5 �� �.; �; � ��„��� � �� „ .� � ;�� �,`��a �a�� � � a ���� � � f ; ,9 e
.t`" ��r m � �°-- � ,r � � �� �. e � ��.��a 'a�„�d .. �' ��'�"�t���.^e^�«� . � �",�� ��s� �:'`��s�' � � ���
r�� `�` "'�+ m ..�� �r G " ��,�+�"� a��. � �t � 5 a,9..,. tc r � � ,�s�' at�z ,�"a^�u f�'�` R ^ � ., , `� a
� � _ � ,�x '' � z� � t� `!^� ��,,. ^�'�� �. ��,� �� w; � .
�.. � "`��' '� ���'�'� � � °� ���' A.� � �;x�. s :o� � ,W�`+:�a �' i�,�x �� � �`��'� ' ,�" �,*�'�a�.w„� ��"r` �,�� ��"� ��;� t �
� F {�� 6 .� 5 2' ti §Mx "� ��m'� . �F� �" .&a � $'w' � � '�` T� , �d
r a � . ,� �ca - � �� °�� �+� �.�, « �s ��"� a-�s s "� � Y��€� "� �,. � � :�' `� '�a. � .
� '� s � �T•� `�z' ��:a v�a . ���.d'�� `,G.� ,� �i� �`��y'�+xsa �r ��i � ¢�� �Y����� ���� i°�� :��a� � a,�� �*.� �, �. � Fa� �^`
� � tt"� a =�`� n '�` ;� , ��,„. �. � � •� �" �;� "za� � .4a � t�,,� � �a' �„ � `"
; � ` �* ^�t���� G '.� "� . t� �"�`�?: '.��y.' ,�"4"c�.7 k��:Y"`m��'z�` xs 4� "� E ��`.� ,� +P �ge
� s� • r "�" ��� � ,�'^ '§ � ;. �'# g ���i � s �a � . � r �� �, ,� ""�es
R ��e �"� °�����§^ �v,` �'��: ��ro� x� � �`��, �� � �}� � �''��'� ��''�� '��°�" � a,� «� ,��
,,.��' ,� �"z� �, � , d ,� �,��`�, �w�.y �'"* `Y�� �. 3� � � s �s.��� � ���'�s��'��rc, `� , � �,� �,�. �� 4'�.�,a�"�
,�
, : �
,
'� , a, ... .;-
�.s: a .„.,� ,. ,:. ,�; . ,�M. ;�"' ��.a . � ��°4 <, t.�•� � ,�ei�° . _. ..�, , � ��„ta. �� c r� ° e$,
H.'� � ,��n�: �..".; ,, r•..' ...'k*��� � t
8 � � z�
Grasspave2 Installation Mats can be rolled out in minutesi _
600 m2 (6,000 s�per two-person hour! For steps shown below-100 m2(1,080 sfl per two-person houri
„ ;� � �� � � � 1 � ��Ft� � ��� I p ��i� �
.
� � ��� � � ��: ,. .,�,
PI P'. � yu � ii
�;�� � � � ��t��
������{� ��'� � :�� �.. ��i �
�t r�s '�"d .
i'
`:.,
"� ��II �
, �,�a«, v�,+�.� � � � �.,w d.. p.
Placeandcompactsandandgraveltiasecourse: ApplyHydrogrowmixture: RoltoutGrasspav .
� ��i������� �,��� ��� ����.:��r;... ''�" ��.�:� �;i� � ��• �� �i �ii � �r ,�.. '�� � � ��I I i Ii��..�
��� ��t, ��� � �
YiP ,r`4� Nt.. �.
���
�.
t�i'+
�y„�: � � � �II h°�I � yrY, ���`'' Aill,
� !P,i v „.., a� ,.
�
..
Fillringswithcleansharpconcretesanrl Hytlroseedarlaysod. Rollsodwithheavyroller. , ,�
� ;.
�..�
,
� .
� � �s � �
,
� a�� ���;> �.
'", 0 y� 'I9f4,��� � II� ...,,� ..,, � �I �(Y r' �1,ij"'46 ` � .'. ,.' . ..
4 Y � r Y iii � �
� ��,� ���,, , , ;�.�� '��
� � , �� ,.
.
v
� s i� � �� � °
k��4 � ��yu.., � ',:
';y�. �.,�:? i I +'
.,, � �,
,�
,:�,• �6�� : E ;+ �
k�
� � �� z}� ', ��r i� � .
„. �,...v ., r�
_�.. .. .,. ,ya ,! 4
, � '
'd Yi `};, .
"p'Y� � qy..
., ,. . .E` 1��. .., e
�b.m �� '�' ` ��` � ,��`
,,,., ���� �� ' �
�.; ; E a� �� t���
y.?�
• �� ,. �� "�{ii�� all .
��r :�� ��.� � .
"4��� ��' � �i1
. . , 4;tN,�"�'' �� j ..' '' ...�
Ready for use after two mowing cyc�es: Use a reguiar lawn mowerformaintenance. �,�
iNt'� I p I �4i5�� 7�`` r+'4
Donotaerate! � ��� � i ���q i� �' � �j�la��+� �`���, r.
, �� � i � ' ' �� �. � 4
� y
't
t���
�� �
The6rasspave�parouspavementsystem is camprised ofa sandygravei base course,
Hydrogrowpolymer-iertilizermixiure,the 6rasspavc�ringandgridstructure,
sharp concrete sand,and grass seed or sod. F`"
� �
1 — z-� s
Grasspave2lnstallatian Procedures Roll out Grasspave2,aligning the side hole fasteners over the
This installation section is only intended as an overuiew.Please side pegs.The warmth of the sun will relax the plastic so it lays
review our Grasspavez Technical Specr"fications(available at �at.Cut the grid between rings using pruning shears.Incorporate
the cut pieces in other areas,as needed,keeping the distance
www.invisiblestructures.com or ca11800-233-1510J for between the rings uniform.
comprehensive installatron instructions.
Fill rings with clean sharp concrete sand(AASHTO M6 or ASTM
Excavate a space for the base course as determined by site soils C-33)using large rakes and brooms so that the tops of the rings
and loading requirements.Place and compact sandygravel which showwhen done.
should be a mixture of clean sharp sand and gravel varying in size
but not exceeding 3�4 of an inch.To check porosity,use a hose to see Lay turf over the rings.On warm days,wet the sand first to lower
that water flows into the base and drains away.Add subsurface sand temperature and provide mo'rsture for grass roots.Seeding
drainage as necessary to low spots or locations with poor draining and hydromulching is also an accepted vegetating method at this
soils.Instali irrigation lines and sprinkler heads if necessary. stage.Repeated hydromulching/seeding may be necessary.
Apply the Hydrogrow mixture that is included Roll sod with heavy roller to eliminate air pockets and make
free with your order.Hydrogrow is a mix- sure roots are in contact with the sand fill.Water lawn as usual
ture of polymer and fertilizer according to climatic requirements.
4 designed especially for our Whether the area has been seeded or sodded,wait to drive on
� °, Grasspave2 system. grass until two mowings have been completed,by which time
� the root system will be established and the sod pieces locked ',
into place.In an emergency such as the need for fire truck '
��c
access,grass may be driven on immediately after installation.
Use a regular lawn mower for maintenance.There should be
no paver parts protruding through the surface that would
y' damage mowers.Do not aerate! ,
_ u rv.-�
-#,.
� _�
P{r §�n' ��.y :
..
�'° � �, ,. . : ; + .
�n
�y N, �,.:.� .
? �..��� ��.
a.�
„.;
„ �
• ,
, c .;
� �
�
. .
4 z
�� „� _� �� � �
�m
,vA� ,
� ',��>
�
� _ �
,�`
� ,�� � � ��r�
�,
t
4
^ . ., ^ � :t$ • . ,• �
. ..
,, a
� ..�. . . � . � .. ���.
. �.. � .,. a._ r � .
..� t.. � � ` � �.. . . ..a. .
§_
... �.�. -. ..i ��. • . .. 3 � , o- . ,
, ' ��a: > a �� .,�. .: .� � . ..
$, i ..
.
' .x .. °'" ��' . .q,, .., a. '�.. , .x
�� ^i . . '. �: .
�i t '�.�. , � k, v
.. . ; ., , } . ',,
�. ��� y .. . � � � '...,, �� ,� 4$ ��
�v 1 � ., . � n .. ,
�a . . ... ;��� ,..0, �.. . " ...
. �n A �. � ., ' ., . 1
. .. . �• � ,.:� �' v:� •� �:, �
�
?� �
�'� ' � , ti. , �f
.'� 9` �� �� ,, 3.y*
� �
� �; � , � ,
�u
� � a k, ; � .. � � � a�. r
� � �`�; ^�; �µ� `,�-` �' � �
`at, �`' i xr�"?�� � ��
�� � y' ;
� � �
� �'� ��� � ��'��� �� ...„„�`�rv' ��, a��:
� ';. �,� � x y� E ,�,, ... ��t� "
�r
.� : � �its�'"« � s.�,��"�'�, � �'� :��,„�� .
i
` { �� ` � � a �`��� ��+� �'r ��, r�"`�, "�tb
�" a a � '��� .�s:�a� <�„ � �`.�, � ��'+� s��. `��.�. ���� ��
� ,�:� � � s ��,� � s;�. �q"r ����� �� �'�� �
� � � ' � � � ��� � ��� �. � ;
�,° , ��a t t, a �
v �'�� � ,� ��,�2 �`�,� � �s`,� ���,`��� � ���, ��+� ��a� p�„� � � � a
,�t � ��� �������� ��� ����� �� ������� a����
� �����„,� �� a' � � ,� �"��'���,����:�, ��.�e� �.���
� °��,��" .�-�`� �� `� ��� a�`�`�5,, �,; �,��.,,� � �s
���.��',�"y1�� ��°�'„.� ���� ���'�� �'����'�`��4�,�.��^�� �.
��ro
" � �e ���
� .. ��. .. . . . . ' ��.�.:�a. M���,�".',. �t'�"�a�t��.� _��.�,., �_.���2 R ��L rs���.��$ :
6� ,� n � — � �?
10 �; .
�� � ��:�
� ' ,
� , � p 4 �i�£, . .
" '` .. �� 'ci'� \.� n . Y.�.M„ �.�"�","a .,...� R . :.
v � Gravelpave� Installation
. �,,�, ,�� , � �
,+� " � ���` Gravelpave�SizelShape Fill Requirements
�
�, `°��� �i �� :, o
" , , . , �. _ � ��j� �'� You will r�eed '1"of gravel fill,compaeCed.Be
�' ' ' "' ' ' � � careful to order enough for the compaction
`,�,` �` process and choose a gravel size that will nest
� . � well into the rings.We have found that 3/��'minus
�� � ���� � � �� crushed sYOne�and sometime 3Ja'with limited �
�� ����'��'������� � small sharp screenings(#40 to#1D0 screen)works
� �. ��Y � .,��� xr � �9� .��
i��� � � � � �� �����'�:���, .�,� �'�� " � .� weli.Washed gravel will�roll within the rings
��' ' � u G P�acea�dcomPacrsanda�agra�froadbas�. � and will also"roll about.'"For this rea�nn,we do
� t '' not recommend pea gravel,even though it is
� 0 �` � often very attractive.A visit to your local quarry '
I� �:v+.
,�,���
���� ��`, �� � is sugges�ed.We have found tha[some geological
� � � ' ��t �°� r,�_����� areas of the United States have limited types of
�� �� sharp gravel available,It has been necessary to
�` a; import gravei from a neighboring state,but
remember the amounts are relatively small—
{ the top one-and-a-quarter inch of the cross sec-
M �� °�.u�����
�' �i ,�{ '
tion.Gravel should be as free of fines as possible.
�c�r � '�,�� ''� � �; �. � To maintain porosity,avoid soft stone materials
' �' �a with low durability that will break easily. ,
d!
I�� RolloutGravelpave?aligningthesnapfitfasteners. �thQC FI���8t@�IB�S fOf Gf8V0�P8VC2 '
�`� Please ask our staff for assistance with this '
� , ,
°" ����� 0 � �' �p`����'��°��"'� '�d ��'� category since it is use-specific and often experi-
.„ , ► „ 'm mental.Ground rubber,crushed glass,crushed
brick,and many other materials can be useful as
attractive fill materials for various applications. ',
` ° Thermoset(epoxy,polyurethane,etc.) binders may
� �`�• - � � �""`'����� be cost prohibitive for most proje�ts;but offer
„:s � � unique design possibilities,including ciarity,color
� ��� �. , �
� �' ��� i��t��i��� ��;� �'�y�������,�������� enhancemertt(wetlook),flexibilit,and durabilit . �
�� ""� i�d���il;t��l� <<���'��Y���t, Y y
. �yy��
��' Our technical support staff will assist with
° ��' �"�� `�� , x���' � � ���� ���� � selection of gravel sources.The photographic ��
� � _ -�� �ayvaryj�W'tnan�norsp�o�;aea(srZeanury� samples shown on this page will help you narrow '
� '' " ' � ' � ' "' ' � your gravel choices.Should you have questions � �
, „
� °
m, � ��r �;�,��,� � +j�� I' j concerning the selection,please eabmit a small
x t Io 4
� �� � �' sam �e for a roval rlor to s ecif n
,�
_ ,� ��iii,��+l� � ;�
��' �, ;r n y. � � �i � P PP P � P Yi g �� ���:
a'� � ° or securing the materials,
, � , .
�, k. ,
4, �,� � �
�r�a �, ��� s� r' u ��
°�������`� �� �
� �t. �.. ` ��,.°?' i��i
�i� ,r� �
, „�
�
�� ,�. �_ , n� -. �
�� y
� � ��z�«��� � ? ����s�� ��� � -� �.
��� 3 Yt�i4�' " � ..�'�
� I !I �W''� ad �
ie��ti �'6, f ' >��
_
� ������ �� � filfringswithcleangrave%
Vil
�� ��� r.�p������°t i��
�.-„
� . ,
' �,� ' � i��' �
.. i y
��� ,� a i'1
� � d
i , , , �, �
� p�
,,i
r..
�Yi �a
.,�-, . � ... ,,,. .. . .
��� d �
. .; �cw.Ka p .
.�I�) ,� g � �, py1�,J^' ..��..
�u"�������s����s,��,� '.a�}
�`� ��i"t
��.�"n'�uh , _��t,.
Compactgravei with vibratorroilerorBat plate '
compactor(not shown).
,�
� � 3 � ��
Mats can be ralled out in minutes!
Gravelpave2 Installation Procedure process.Anchors should be placed inside the rings as ciose to
This installation section is only intended as an overview.Please the center as possible.Begin anchoring from one corner in a
review our Gravelpave2 Technical Specifications(available at radial pattern.
www.invisiblestructures.com or ca11800-233-1510)for Gradually place gravei fill (see suggested fill material on facing
camprehensive installation instructions. page)into rings by using a front-end loader and shaking out the
fi11 as the machine drives forward.Carefully lower the bucket
Prepare sandy gravel base course to a depth as determined when empty and back up while dragging it above the rings to
by a soils engineer.Compact with a vibrating plate compactor or smooth out the gravel,finishing with a stiff broom.Wheel barrow
use a heavy motorized roller for large jobs.To testporosity,water and shovel works well for.small jobs.Contractor tip—you can
with a hose and check to see that water drains readily through store excess material for future maintenance,top dressing as
the base course before installing the Gravelpavez mats. may be necessary.Use rakes and/or push brooms to distribute '
Roll out mats with the grain(in the same direction) so that the gravel fiil to a leve]slightiy above rings so that compacting
the snap fit fasteners can be used with neighboring mats.To the fill will not uncover the rings. '
fit around boxes and curbs,cut the grid between the rings with Use a vibrating plate compactor or large driving roiler again to
pruning shears and scissors or a small portable electric hand saw. compact the gravel fill.Additional gravel may be necessary to
Fasten the mats together using the snap fit fasteners that are finish filling the rings.Compact again until the material appears '
molded into the product inserting the prongs into the rectangular solid in the rings.Wetting the gravel may help it to interiock. ',
openings:Tuck the fabric underneath the fasteners to keep joints Drive on the installation when finished.If car tires make a '
closed.A quarter-inch nut driver head(6 mm)fits nicely over the pattern,there may be toa much gravel or it may need additional '
fastener to compress the pieces together.A piece of lumber placed compaction.It is expected that tops of the rings may be visible. '
under the Gravelpave2 mat wi11 provide stability to aid in fastening, If sides of the rings show,then add more fi11 material and repeat '
Supplied anchors must be used to secure the mats to the the compaction process.
base.Hammer anchors with washers at a rate of one
anchor per�six rings in both directions.Use ����` �,,���e;n�`�s ���,,�� �� �� ��
extra anchors around the perimeter of ,�m�"�'���`�i,�'
the Gravelpave2 install and in high �"' -
traffic areas.Rec'rprocating "
hammers�can be used� � �
to speed up the
anchoring
F
,_ � ,
,
• �
" ' 41p r���� 6�".
�r1 �'p„I
, ' ��; �Mi91 ,
R: ; �
� �
., , ,
b � t � �� —
„� ,, �.r�,r
'� 8A`a �R *+� e
,,..
� . � � �
r � ��
i � w
' �
' ` �� x
�
� � � « �,
v �
� �.�� ., x�', .:: , �, `;
Ur � p.
n1 . � ha4.. .:
� � �3
. �. ;� „. � r ...
� f... �.�` ,,.s : t � x. t
��
�� '���' r } ar.
; ���� �,t
�' i �nr � i;, �
� � M!�
�t �6i y�,�'�,
.�` � a� � � f g� ,
� �,. ���Ii�S��� '� .
�� � pV�=; �,°�. � s=,.
. ,
:
�
d. 4
j
�..� . ... . tir*
12 I -- �j z'°'
Golf Industry Large�Ro(Is � � � ��
GravelpaveZ and Grasspave2 golf cart paths give the look of a Our patented systems have a shipping,handling and installation
natural path through trees,along fairways,and around greens. advantage as well—large rolls.Qur standard roll size (model
The flush surface requires no trimming or edging.Traction is 2020) covers 431 sq.ft.(40 mz)and weighs 192 pounds (87 kg).
excellent with Graveipave2 and Grasspavez traction is slightly Other roll sizes are available.Installers of our products have
better than grass.Grasspave2 repeatedly commented that they
and Gravelpavez can enhance Lab Com reSSiOri TeSt ReSUItS enjoy the easy installation.
your golf cart staging area, � Rolling out Grasspave2 is
pedestrian traffic area,parking Load-bearing capacity of filled Grasspave2/Gravelpave2 srrnilar to rolling out carpeting
lot,road shoulder,and mainte- rings vs.concrete,and vehicle loading examples and coverage is fast and effi-
nance yard. �..-...: �,-�:.� v - cient.The mat system can be
� � Y, , easily cut to fit around trees,
Automobile Dealership Dispiays =� v ��� irrigation,curbing,or other
Car dealerships have discovered ,,,,�� ���, terrain.The rolls have sna fit
�� � � „ ,��,w� •
that Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 ��� ����b� � � P �
are perfect�for automabile dis- � � ,���°'���' ��� k,�� � �'` connectors�to atYach to adjacent �
play areas.Dealerships now r 7�F�spave�/Gravelpave- � q rolls,making one unified,con- �
' ° +�7��psicapaciry(f�led) �� � �Y; tiguous system.This unified
have an option when it comes v��
� mat system adds stability and
to adding paved areas for car � � '� ��e� r� ' � 2
trans ort and dis la .Dealershi s Concrete-3,000 srca acrt ` continuity in design.Grasspave
p p y p � € " P p y '�� can just as easily be snapped to �
like the"soft"attractive look grass �� � . i `;� � ���
and decorative gravel provide. 'a Q :y�� °% Gravelpave2 to add stability and
� ,` � � o ��' product variation,
Utility and Maintenance Vehicle Access � � � � � Hydrogrow
Providing your site with impor- ` �� "�`
�' � '�� Another reason Grasspavez
tant utilitarian functions with- ';�. �'�. �;� � �`��, is the industry leader is the �'��
out compromising beauty - �=a� �,
2 addition of Hydrogrow soil
is simple.Grasspave and amendment,which is su lied
Gravelpave2 can incorporate a RtltlOff COmpariSOn CI1aTt with your order.Hydrogr w is
structural road without inter- Runoff coefficients,Grasspave2/Gravelpave2 and engineered to help grass grow
rupting your landscaping.No `,sandy gravel base over various soil types in our sand based root zone.
obtrusive concrete or asphalt 100%
access roads are necessary to �ha�� The results ar Z amazing and
get to window washing areas, 90�Ia our Grasspave areas often
pump stations,microwave tow- ��% aV��craveipa��0'�"�ay laok healthier than surrounding
ers,tanks,or electrical boxes. '7p% � �� � crassp . �
turf.By using this special mix-
�iaY ture in the sand,porosity will
Unique Applications 60% a��ov���0a"'� be maintained,turf will be
Our mats are installed in some r�p% ��auPav�ICrav��p attractive,and aeration will
unique and interesting piaces: 40%a .. X a��o��r�n��0�m ' not be necessary.
Helicopter landing pads,race car ������a�e�p
display areas,outdoor amphithe- 3n% Fr�<''� crassp Sand Fill 2
Grasspave Is the only grass
ater seating,under picnic tables, 20% £� paver on the market specifying
under concrete pavers(support), 10% ;' - - sand as part of its cross section.
airplane display and transport, ;O%Q c�a�Pa�ic�a�e�pa��o��nd Sand is the best medium to pro-
cemetery marker reinforcement, ' vide water and air to the roots
eave drip lines and more. 1 ' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1Q 11 12
Inches of Rain During 24 Hours and still provide high compres-
Installations are not limited 2 sive stren th.The United States
to traditional paved areas. c��„iaeo��„�ivaecric�p�areao�ers°ors�,aY�veie���o��e:ia;do���na���eso��s�����ate�. g
Golf Association uses sand for
every USGA golf course and nearly every professional and colle- '
Grasspave2 Characteristics giate turf athletic field uses a sand cross section as well.Topsoil (or ,
other organics fill material)in the rings will eventually compact
Ring and Grid Structure and damage the root zone.Sand negates the need for mechanical
Grasspavez is by most accounts the best flexible grass paver aeration,which can damage Grasspavez and other grass pavers.
made today.Its unique ring and grid structure allow for flexibility,
stability,and exceptional grass growth.With 92 percent void Strength When Installed ,
space for healthy roots and 100 percent grass coverage,Grasspavez When installed over a thick base course and compacted to 95 ',
is the industry's preeminent choice.Our installations are hard to percent modified Proctor,sand-filled rings can support 5,700 ',
find because they are invisible!With so little plastic near the pounds per square inch (psi)without deflection or compromise to
crown of the grass,the blades of grass are not smashed by prod- safety.The cylinder is the strongest shape to support compressive
uct.Root development is not interrupted from spreading laterelly. loads because it has no corners.Supporting heavy loads with the
The rings are strong and rigid,keeping grass root systems pro- rings allows us to use less plastic in the product creating a 92
tected from harm.The roots grow directly downward,deep into percent void area for root deveiopment,combined with strengthl
the sandy gravel base course. Less plastic means a lower cost for you.
r r �' � r r. �• r � •r. r �
� � � e r � e � re .�e
. ;�„�a� �;�, �� `��,��' ,� �. � z1�` �"Yin��'� a �$a`��FT�.�-,"
.,.y� z� �� ��.r �`�,;.,�,� �.��:�,�:.1���.. 7��`="a�'w�k�,��sS�.��
q i M �
+Y
� �
^ . .: '•0 y�.;n . ,t § &
_ � a°.
� ���
�
�' ��. :q., . .
�.. � �, ri ,� d � .
.., << �� .' ,
i. , a
_�, � .. * � .,�w�
� �
„ . �
,� ��� � � �� �G �� � ��
„ �
u � � �i
4i d�Y is�, °�, �?� l
� z n- _ #`
� � �
,. ° A
�
„ , . �
.
��^f.�.„5`�" � aj..,�' t. � l ��� .»�
y�
P'',u L � � s�� � � �,, �a w�J�
p� � .`�y'Y� "ks � .;��F Rea '"��
,' `,aS; : � � p . ��d �`�° ci
i; � a ,�� � � asv � � a� ����'��
bT"*�i �q q 9 «�.
�}�^'. . . �!' . a. � �'Y,� A f � �'I i� �; �� nw*.'e„d��, e �- s ��v'� s�
� �`��"��,a�s,s»� .'��� ��i.'..�.'�-
V� r �. s� � � s � ���?� ,�,� � �� � �� 'g,� ��
{ � �,� � .� t � z5r,�„ .'��' �"��� '�� ���a.a ;� � "�4 �r � m
�� �x u �� �� � � �����°�a������������� � � � � �� � � ,
w �,
�°���� ��. ",� , ,�. :�� °��� � �`� � � :e� �r .<�I€�
, , a � �A��� � � `� �� �`
. � � ,u' : �' . �r �
.. ` � � ��y„a�t� r v % jf t
� '� , � � '° �� =x ��
"$ � �
� ��. �"� p �� `R.�p� �� � c �
�
� �� � �`�� � .,@ � ��:
y o
7 .
,..y, � �.: .� . .
r
$ r w
w �
.,. � � . � ' .'x� �
`�x +�' b
. . �.� . . . d .. . . i . t .
_ . � ° . . . �.� � � � , ss . . .�
. . � �.���� .�� . .� � ��� :� �
, .y �� . . �. � �'a
.,. ...�. t: . . . � ��:t�
� E. ��. s �' . ,
sr.
� �'
� � �� .. � � � � � ����°R
a
� t
� � �',� '{ .�8 � ,�.- � `�' �..� �
�` � �
5 �` �. .� .� , .. u �. .. �� � . � k .
a yy
. > , ', ' ,�N.�m .���:��' P,�..�� r�F� ,.r_�� h.�.� � ,�4t.=�1���" c.� � '* �
• -
.,at ..<.^�, . ,.��. ", mi".��, . .�<�. e.
.., . ... , .,_ w.. .+. ,.. �,. , , ,�.�. "�.w-,��. ., x . . . . .
a� r �— ?��
Traffic frequency Should the fasteners of one mat not align over the distance of
Grass as a surface material can withstand fram two to six (varies another mat,then anchor pins(or eight inch ring shank nails antl
with grass species and environmental conditions) trips daily over large washers)can be used to secure the mats along the seam.
the same spot.This suggests that most parking applications we Forcing the alignment can cause the mats to ripple and not lay
pave with asphalt today could be paved with Grasspavez instead. down evenly.
Vehicles can remain parked on grass for extended periods of Traffic Frequency
time,provided some relief can be given for a few days for the Gravelpave2 has no limits on frequency or duration of traffic on
grass to recover.
the system.Park or drive as often as you like on
Lifespan 9 �s,� 6.. y Gravelpave2.However,speeds should be kept
Grasspavez has a projected � �ye y,�q,�� i�'i` �4��'9�' '' � � ';" , at or below about 20 mph(30 km/h).
lifespan of 60 years. ���� � � "` ������� ��
Compared to asphalt Durability
with a lifespan af 15 Grasspave2 and Gravelpavez are
years;and concrete t made from flexible High Density
with a lifespan of 25 Polyethylene(HDPE) plastic
years,Grasspave2 will � with UV inhibitors,which
save you money on withstands repeated
freeze-thaw cycles and
replacement costs. rk continuous subzero tem- '
Irrigation peratures without crack-
Grass needs water and you `,, ' ing.HDPE resists aggres-
may need to have irrigation � �. ,,� sive chemicals such as road �
installed.Grasspave2 has a sand �" ° � salts,motor oils and fuels.HDPE
based root zone which usually Standardcolorsinclude: � � is highiy abrasion-resistant and is
requires slightly more water than a Tan,81ack,PewterGrey,Terra Cotta. ' . unaffected by extremes in pH.A we11-
normal topsoil or,organic root zone.If maintained Gravelpavez installation will
golf courses in your area use irrigation �:°� ' last 25 years in most ciimates.
systems,you probabiy should in
Aesthetics
your Grassapavez installation. Part of what draws many
designers to use Gravelpave2
Invisible Structures—Standard Product Roll Sizes
Gravelpave2 Characteristics is the ability to have an area
Fabric,Ring and Grid � maintain a natural look.Many
� � ' = times native soils or gravel can
When we developed Model m tt m rt m �t mz ftz kg rbs be used as fill material,comple-
Gravelpavez in 1993,our mentin surroundin areas.
oal was to rovide desi ners loio 1 3.3 to 3z,s o 5 i.7 io los 2z 4s g �
a second oppon for a po ous tozo i 3.3 zo s5.s o.s 2.7 20 2i5 4� 96 Gravelpave2 is available in four
avement that can tolerate standard colors-black,tan,
p I520 1.5 4.8 i 20 65:8 0.8 `2.7 30 32� 65 144 gray,and terra cotta (custom
high frequency and low-speed zozo z s.s 2o s5.s o.s z.� �0 43o s7 ls2 colors are available at addition-
traffic.By molding our ring zo ss:s �.8 z.7 50 5as :. tos z4o al cost).Ring colors are intend-
and grid structure onto a non- ?�Z� 2'� ��� -
` ed to blend with the gravel
WOV211 p01y25�8t'fllt@P f3�7PIC, Ralls ran be 3nsi211ed manuatly(2 people advised).Rolls apply tu Grasspave2,Gravelpavez,Draincore�, COIOT SO t}10y Wlll bE�BSS V1S1b18 �
we were able to create a new ana sioPe�me2.
should some portion of the rings
product that contains gravel show.A sma11 amount of excess
and prevents particle migration stone fi11 should be left above the top of the rings to provide visu-
and rutting. al cover and additional UV protection.This excess will migrate, ',
Gravelpave2 is the only system specifically designed for aggregate but usually not very far:
containment porous paving.The cylinders displace the load onto an $ize and Shape Requirements for Gravel Fill '
engineered base course and hold the decorative gravel in place.The you wiil need one and a quarter inch(3.2 cm) of gravel fill, '
fabric keeps the top-dress gravei from compacting into the road ��fore compaction.After compaction the gravel should be only
base,acts as a weed and vegetation barrier,and suppresses dust. be slightly higher than the rings ('/8 inch,3 mm above).The
Traditional pavements,including gravel roads,are designed to following criteria for gravel fi11 will make the most of the
shed water and keep it away from the pavement's cross-section. systems performance, '
Gravelpave2 is designed to do the opposite—welcoming water • Hard—resistant to breaking,crushing or crumbling
down through the system.Plus,GravelpaveZ wi11 not rut,wash- � Sharp and angular(do not use rounded pea gravel)
board,or puddle like traditional gravel roads. • Clean,washed(free of fines) ,
Snap-Fit Fasteners • Size�/��to 3/8 inch(5 mm to 1 cm)
Designed into Gravelpave2 is a snap-fit fastener,a two-pronged Other fi11 material may be used in certain situations,but may be
arrow that fits into a rectangular slot.Simply push the slot over considered use-specific or experimental.Please consult with our
the prongs to easily snap together panels of Grasspavez.To take technical support staff regarding fill material not meeting t�e
them apart,just squeeze the prongs together and lift off the slot. above criteria or for installations requiring"binders.°
z
DenverTechCenterCorporateCltent�0 CuruingGrasspaae�firelanes
araund both butttlings lends oppartunity far priv�te autdoar toWnge area
for employees who e�n aiso enjay the gartlen viewfrorrr their of�ce wintlaws:
(��p"q� r
�,
� � � -. . �.� „ �
'4tPt+ r s��t,r�p ��C.,s;i; .� F �a��� ,t s� '
;
; ,.
� , �' � � ��� � t �.
� �� ��� � ` 'r a . i
k X ' �{ ),� ' t
;�.. � �...e s,€� f.� �. it�j i�"b> �`4. r G v� 2 a � i s ,�
�,�
� £
� �`•�b`u'a, ,�a�..�"'4tt4��?�-��;`�j}t���S�a�i�r}��,s4�» � �rttl��v KI a� ��4�t F t t �';}��.
�
?- ,t r ��:€ s f i
��' .f����� �w4�'gi. s�,;.,���y�y„ri;.��S��'Yia�"£s`.u��}s�3,�.,� �4 z�r�, � L ¢i .:�
�'+:a;xsy„aa� �% ��i: �: ,�k,� ���:�;�t^"ti`��:� �t�l�v.il2car5.�.\5ti��.��}4{.T����'?��ct'�t�..i`�y�,+,�,�3 } xs�
t ,rti � 4, � � 3� Y 3 ���'t�,��q\�i�vs y� t � t + c
(t � . - b ��� �� �`_`�"��������"��� J#����ek��t�`�t�h�����t�7 'tp i �#����
. ` , . „.,.,.
�,. �,.'t � ,� �����`aS`*�*�� aZ4�. �c�`�L�,�t.���2�,���tti.���{?.t1.�I3,?�3 tr s Y iS e� Iai�`��'1G,"
�� { ` � ��� '�� ,`-'..� . �,�.'��z "i��t*,`�i^�w�.�,}��'a�t����`t�`�:�c�,l";13 7 1'�`�ccS�d� qr�..�����
�c.�t?. � t���t� . � � �'i � ��� '�'��h.�Y£3���%��zt j���4aS.,t +`,1Yi ��� ����
4 ` f.# 3 � ����v. `� i� L 4�£t�?�� ��`��C'?��; d?fi��2�
6 0 ����,.`'�`��` ?<" �t k3,,� 4;t, '�} ��, �`�������'�,��'*�`{�'����2U����
� �l
4
t ���2: � � � ���
�,
�
����`i�� ��i�" 1�*.�. x E � � �°�
�s^ .,,. ,,. ^ �
� .., +.�.,k y, y � ��.
� � �� �
4 �
3 : w.y� � +�' �t �. „� �'�
t�Y l 7 � i �. ���"�,``� � g,.�� �
t
xt. U 3`G* � ry �� kF''" ��5� :� t
F �"�rv tl . `«�.�?'�. F C" �"�j��'§ 4 j�'
4 Sa 'a�`32. J �K61 �.�� ' $$ p � .
f, ��" � � �' �' � ''' ,� �*s.�� irt''� � � �, .
� � � 5 ����� .�� � � t
� E^e F�� �� � � �. ���.
� `� �. ; + `'. p�,��� `` e,� y� �.� �t
� �' � i ' ' '� � i� ' d �� �'�, 5 r , ,�
� +' t � � +r t �t'°t'„
q �� � �, y � � t �S� r� � �{�1 � �a ��y� a�#� �. � � � `.3
A� ..u �,�4.� � ' u� �" t £� . ��:�.s�..^`�" f ;�. '
� ° � .,,. o ., t4' a �. ,��: ' #�, �. � x �r. � '� ��$� ��z t§ax a� 4 .ef�^���. �' - �� �" r'� �>
" �� a : € a"�y,�� �.
. � ..„ °., ' � � � �. a�r e� .y . {�; �! •
�� � � �
� - �, a. �� � ¢ �+�� �,�d ''�' � �'�gff %�'�,.� ���`�������� '� t ;��� �d , � ��i� ��,s ����x�'t} � �.�r ' t�.
4 s�"; c.s ^�; �` I'�.+ � ,r' .��. �.� � ;� jy ��� ' 3
� E .
. � `a�, � a� � � + � �" s � ��� � �`s �"
,_ �j ��
' t `�� � ` , . t �� � ���� �� �� �� �. ��,�'�"� �
�.; � . - ��
� �
, ,�� � , . s _ , ;
'
,
a
,�"' .�':�....b,..�.".
� � iY�'a �� � ���. � .
� �� �� �
a�a� �, . ��: � � :.� '' `
�� �
J S t�t T 'a�, . "°' �
4 ��k � bi � �" � �
� y�
� ,
� �;��"��,.���s z ''��� � � � x . r�
s z���� �\ a � � � �z�.�< �.,.�
,� J g�'`�,'�'�` ��'��t��l �� �`$. . ,:`�'a.
�, � ����`� ,�, `- _
`u3 P � �'-��� �` t�' � y ,��«,a�;,..
�����;��ir�'�������������'�i�">t a �
� � �.c`';���"�y t�'s`�.�a,.� �' � �h�`� ��.�_
�' .. . �� �� . , x3�'
�s' �Z� �
� R�,�'�t�. »;,K ��}t� 1 �4 xi,'� � 3m� �. ''.,,c �
�ak� tYx
t��wa�r s`"��a;;"�"1,,',�"�£i� �. �. ���� ��`x��:„%� a��;,�.
�
� � "�� �� ���� ��t���``�k� � a �� ` �� �#
� _a��� ��a�� �� ';n�ry,�,���" 3y;;°� $����1 ' � � ,
+�',i*���' +54
+" 1°��
.d' "3�����:.x`�.�*:t 4 �
� � � �4�.,"`�'p��s���ut��'°,�x������.�. �Ar� lc ';�� �
k: y.i �'�w�, rt�� '"� �
{+�`e�3+�;k. . "°"�^�„,^k,,." .
i � �re'��'�� S��� �
y� ��y �� 3 i�r Y�...�,iY. '. � �����.�fii�
���� �i�� rf 1 � � it�. '�
t":3+G
��,...� ��YF,�.:
��?:.C'.
�.
��t'
� S`:u
�,j
ti� �s.
r�s. : .ti% <, ..
�f.i
�s 1 �- � �
Dust Suppression In addition to cost savings in the design phase,you may be able
Dirt and gravel roads have the potential to kick up dust and dirt to eliminate ather components during insta�lation such as raot
when traversed.Many communities have regulations limiting or protection for trees,grates,manholes,curbing,and tree and
eliminatrng gravel surfaces from new construction.Rest assured, yegetation removal costs, ,
if you design a Gravelpave2 surface ' '
you will be getting a virtually dust- �� � +�ag�; �� ;�°�F Maintenance and operations
free surface.The clean and washed �� ` '� costs are significantly reduced
t E over asphalt and concrete surfaces.
fill material required to fill the �� � `` A.(Andy) E.Lindsey,Director of
��,�� r �:
rings'will nothave any more dust ��R y
�,� � ���, Grounds Maintenance,University ;
' than an asphalt-paved surface. �a ,; . ���n� � �� �� ,
Gravelpave2's geotextile fabric , �; , V''�� of South Alabama,in his written
wiil prevenC the dust-sized particles � ��'�s. ����� analysis datied February 18, 1999, I
contained within the base material
' ` compare�the cost of our porous
(existing gravel surface or dirt), � systems to asphalt pavement using
from being displaced by moving �,' historical data from university
�.,, x
tire or wind forces. � . records.The conclusion was a ,
$56;000 savings over 20 years,by
using Grasspavez and Gravelpavez,
Industry Advantages
Qur products can save you the most
Economic Advantages money by combining your surfaces' '
Whether you are an engineer, uses into one area.Multiple,surface:
architect,landscape architect,! �= use;means savings on real estate,
contraetor or homeowner you will �" x �,; �'°�' ° , design costs;maintenance,insur-
' be concerned with the cost of you ance and rnore.You can have a�re
project.Grasspavez and GravepaveZ ' lar�e that doubles as"green space" '
' will save you money.Our products for employees or visitors,combine `
will save on design costs,installa- a parking lot with a bio-swale and
tion costs,component materials, stormwater mitigation system,and
maintenance/operations expenses expand your lawn into the driveway:
and lifecycle costs.We'can find a The'Grasspave2 and'Gravelpave2
way to reduce your site expenses OaktlaleNaturePreserve,Freeport Illinois-Gravelpave�reduceserosionand' lnstallations at Reliant Stadium,
` with our porous pavers. <ruainginthisADAaccessibletrail. Houston,Texas,pull quadruple
' ' duty,providing over seven acres of
When designing,you may be able to eliminate or reduce storm- parking,stormwater mitigation,required"green space"and an
water filters,detent'ron basins;conveyance lines,modifying
grading requirements;or many other"necessities"associated outdoor festival site which generate additional income.
with asphalt or concrete.A great deal of your stormwater As mentioned above,Grasspavez and Gravelpave2'have a longer
mitigation plan can be built into Grasspave2 and Gravelpave2, lifespan than asphalt.Compound the above savings with the
Installers have been astounded by the!speed and efficiency longer lifespan,and you can have a lifecycle cost which can save `
for which large areas can be accommodated by our large ro11s.
thousand of dollars on even moderately sized instaIlat'rons:
Unrolling our mats,snap fitting,and cutting is easy and requires Competitive Advantages -
no special machinery.Please view our technical specifications Our porous pavers not only have advantages over impervious
(from'www.invisiblestructures;com,ca11800233-1510,or avail- surfaces,we are proud to compete with any other plastic porous
able through our partner network) for the installation procedure. pavers manufactured.Our products are the strongest on the
A brief instaliation overview'rs also on pages 8 and 10);: market 5',721 psi installed (39,273 kPa,$23,844 psf or 7,414,416
psy),or 2,100 psi empty.Grasspavez and Gravelpavez have
Compacted sandygravel road base placed above compacted subgrade,95%modified For Grasspavez: .TM.�� �-
Proctordensity.Graveipave2roHs are laid,pinned,and filled with clean,sharpgravel. Gompacted sarrdygravei
road base placed above
�>.:�- .�.�.,, ��� �
compacted subgrade,
>.
h
t�'�°� 95%modified.
� f� i� t �{
� , ` w�. � �=� ', ��.
,�
�, �,v � t3� � �' �
�
� °
�� � ��`� �;��� ���
�
������� �, � � � � ���� �r=�,, K
�� ��
� �;.,,t����� � �
� � � �.���� r�� ��� � � �� � � ff ��� � �
��; � - k�"�l��i� 1 ar �, ��. �.i a.��"s� �e � �` ,�'ia� .:.
� �`'��"� �" , ., g�� � ... �.� . � . ..
��.�
�._.. ,..,, ........r. .—............. .:. .. . �.... _.._.._T:.�._,,. _..... __� �.._..,.._.� �a ,..__�.._ ..__�,�w*... .,m.... .�,:,. �� _..*..�es="�i.�����'� . �. .
� ���� �y., 9.Y
���� �l�a� �������:. ''
t � � ��� �
� �� �� � �"} '
�� r �at �� � 1�3 � 2�. � i�i�, � �
�e ��`d �y���y'i ��,�i r%�;�3k" ���� '� � �.,��v`i 17 4 � �� � '.
� . �
� � � � 5� „ t�� ',. �4�U�.�:'�`a.�``' � ,��,".
�� ���'G �
.; �' �"1^, 2�� r ' 'z' ,
�� ���
� �' �a,�� ��t� � �� �� �� � t�.�`",
� '�;� ..� ; �'� : ���'k,�,��� .,. ,, � ,'"'�.
� � R � � 8�4 ' {�'�
s t�i�i�`�x�t, �� �'�� �. . ��. �t ��Y � y,
x
. � ��. .. �i 2 ; t'�.��Ytx�'` �rs
� �, `�e 3,.t,.�}''#?c�gy�y}�k�t��3�;�� y � � �
��`��?ls� i,��L w��6 ��x �;s���,' �� . � r
�` (�' .y� ��' �7,��c�w`�.� � _.��r �� ,� � � ; :'�c 1�. ���. r�.
'`��;,��,.s�' ,y."��, �'`t�t `�� �:.�, �� �
�,�tt:S '� �' , � .���. � .°Y{ ,ry "t ,�„��;��f��4 r�'s u..,,r x''{ t r t�. �-'�r �;�
��,f t
t� �,�Z�U�..w % � � ��?� �
4��� � :�, ,:,
t ��.:�f.
3�n,� � .
1�� �
���� ��
y��
��`;�y � � pl �
t C
, tt.�. {�, l,�'v4§SP4� ��
s`s,� �`�'ax�. �£�., :.,�4 t: �;�,. \t
$ �: � 1
Y%�� k��� �„��� �
'.aY,�� ",t1., y " ,^..'l `
? '�'^�,'�, ��y�i ^��^E ��:h�c
4?� c �� �`{�S"�a..4 . �'����`;�'�ti�
� ' a'� �'� y� �,��' �. �� , u,,,�,'�1�. �.
', 2..... �� �', i`i ��..�`n a
k ,��,,,�
� �� ���,���� s�,
r 4��.
'�4,'�, ti �.
2?;;S}i 1 ' 1 ti�,
3 , � �� a�
y��t ? e
; �t:
i�S
��
F,. �
<d�'�;;'a. 1
.�.`':s�.�.a..
�,.. �
(' � `
4� i £ � &' r F }j' � ' .
g" � + �
_ , � „
e
, . ' * ��� � d ���y '" � �'
; , , n - h!.�. ', i
. � �°�'�-' t
�a�m� �i� �� � R, c' t.
� k �. T� . �� .i� �� ����+�4�Yj�.�y�
� �� ��, �f � � �� �. I I
� :
'�",`�,'.�, ���,�� � � y z x � ,��,
�i� t *�tAt�, 7s',
� i
" ')6
� „ s
x
[, . _ .x
a^
�, t��
d ' ° +M
� r
.
.�
r . ,, . � . , � `
�. :�. � . . a ^ m
G
.�� _ 7`�� �!:.
.�, °_�, _. . !i .
.` ,ti,m , ' ° . p ' �
� �ry
�ti,
e y.
v
�A�.. Cs �>.`v'
�..,..�
4�
+i
�
3
�' /. � t I / •�1• / '7 7 • /1 !
t i!I lit i � � i �, i r �� . �
k-
�t � i . � i
. ���.. . . . . �
�l
{
t
F
�8 l ^ ��"
92 percent void space for the best root development and grass • Keep the porous paving area free of sediment and erosion from
' coverage(Grasspave2) and the most volume available for desired adjacent areas as they can cause drainage and aesthetic
fill (GravelpaveZ).Most other plastic pavers come in rigid unit issues.Extra care should be taking for use in swales or berms.
; blocks,which are cumbersome to install and difficuit to cut • Slope should be considered.Grasspavez and Gravelpave2
and shape.Grasspavez and Gravelpavez rolls are consrdered perform the best for all vehicles when the slope is no greater
the favorite to work with by installers, than 8 percent.Light vehicles (golf
for the flexibility,continuity,and speed carts),bicycles,and pedestrian areas
of installations.Grasspavez is the only can have up to a 20 percent slope.
product on the market specifying sand GrasspaveZ in fire Ianes should not
infill for the grass roots.Sand is recom- exceed five percent(consult your locai
mended as the infill of choice for grass fire departments).
pavers by Professor Bruce K,Ferguson, � Check the permeability of existing
Univ.of Georgia,author of the book, underlying soils.Percolation rates
'Parous Pavemeri�s:" �� shoald be,64 cm to 1.3 cm of water '
CompetingTechnologies ' � ` �� per hour(EPA guidelines).
,, , , ,��;, t •The water table should be about
Porous paving technology has made ��, three feet(approx. 1 m) below base
great strides not only in flexible plastic ` q ��� � m ` � �
course in most instances.
pavers but in oCher areas as well: � ° � • Bedrock should not be closer than
Permeable asphalt,permeable con- � two feet(0.6 m) below base course. '
crete,interlocking unit blocks,rein- ° � •Avoid use of Grasspavez and '
forcementrnats,and concrete grid � ' ���= Gravelpave�in areas where high-
pavements,have all improved and � � � ��
advanced to meet the growing demand '� speed acceleration or braking and
for environmentally frlendly technolo- `�� � ��� � � , ;�' �5 , �� � , � �, '��� turning occur.Examples�are
gies.It is Invisible Structures'firm UancouverCityWorksYard,Uancouver,8ritishColumbia—mainstaff entrances and exits to parking lots
arkin lot,doneinGravel avc�. that connect to higher speed roads.
belief that you should use porous P 9 P
• paving,even if it is not our product If your site varies from these condi-
1ine,whenever possible.The more tions,please consult ISI directly,
you use these technolagies,the better 800-233-1510,as some conditions
accepted they become:If you have to can be overcome with design and
pave,porous pave! component adjustments. ;
Invisible Structures also contends Base Course Design ',
that while these competing tech- Calculating the depth and composition '
nologies have their place,in most of materials for the base course incor- I
instances,our Grasspave2 and porates the same design criteria as for
GravelpaveZ systems outperform, other pavements:
last longer,require less maintenance, • Load-bearing capacity of native (or
look better,and are easier to install. � , fill)subsoil,
Y��",Y�.s"��`�, i��°',"�,�}%tk','�,��` �. ;
Check with our technical specialists �4 � • Plasticity or impact of moisture on
at 800-233-1510 for the latest data. strength and longevity,
• Frostheave potential,and '
Designing for Grasspave2 and • Traffic load,frequency and/or
Gravelpave2 �; duration.
Design for Use ���� ��� � Sam le Base Course De ths
� �,�°� ���r�. P P
�.y� u �� �1��4�f,{� ��'�(� �°�'�iip,t��raY" p123SL COIISUlt Wlt}I a SO1�S 811g11722T
There is an area in your development, ������`��� � "�"� Y�''����q" �'� � y ` �� y '�5 �,��'4
��F i ���� ����� ��� � ���'�' for site-specific base requirements.
site,or home that will most likely ben- Generally,the depth that is used under
efit from Grasspavez and Gravelpavez. asphalt wi11 be the requirement under '
We advise that you take a look at prop- Fire�ane,SanMateo,GA-Manynativegrassesandotherattractive Grasspave2/Gravelpavez.Golf carts and '
er use patterns,site conditions,and vegetationcanbegrowninGrasspave�. pedestrian traffic rnay require nothing
other specifications to get full advan- over sandy gravel soils,and just two to
tage and long life out of our products.Invisible Strvctures, four inches of base course (5-1D cm)over very weak soils. Cars
800-233-1510,is available for preliminary design assistance and usually need a six-to eight-inch base course (15-20 cm).Buses, '
consultation.Please note that other porous paving systems are trucks,and fire engines can easily require eight to 12 inches '
NOT interchangeable with Grasspave2 or Gravelpave2, consult (20-30 cm)or more.The use of geotextiles,below the base is not
our technical specifications for full installation instructions. required,but will prevent integration with subsoils and is strong-
Considerations for Design: ly advised in areas of clay or silt soils and frost heave.Do not use
• High use,low speed,and unlimited traffic volume is optimal 100 percent limestone base as limestone wrll compact and become '
for Gravelpave2 impervious—Iflimestone must be used,mix with 25-30 percent
• Low to moderate use,low speed,with recovery time is sand(AASTO M6 or equal).
perfect for Grasspave2 or Gravelpave2
�:�t ��r.�.Y
� � � � � �� �
�, ��� �
�� �: ��
i3 � 1 p
`:�!9 �� ' t 5 .
��y��,��� � i$�� k �c � �
4
� " ' �y�°� P ' � �� F m
� ���;� y`� >
� �
�t�,. ,�; , �'�' �', ,�� + �
�� � � , �
� �
� t � � ,.� '�:��, �, ��t .
,
� `
� � ��{�, ����� ���� � �' � ����� � ,` ��., ��r ��;
�, ��� �;,� � �"�' � � � ��. �r
,.
„
, �� � �� � ��c��; °_ '�
, ,
� � ; .. 'i. � . �,�, ��� F
. r
� �
e
� :�
����"� �° ' t'-�a.." ,.. r�.^ . , ` ..
�
�4 ���! � � +�� �
u
'�f� �.,v�.��ti �- � ^ �".,..
�t� �5 .
�� ���� � ' •k�? � s.���
�,���,� � #4,' t ��
¢7 i ��� �� ��.�Y � �� ;,.
1�t
,� k{: , '. ��;�. � ; � "� � � ��"J� �'`k, ` i��'' ` � �
y � I
.,„ *�y" i I
� „ �
t
,.
�3`' , � s 3 �� r i,�� �.w
m 4.y'
W'
4
F � ' �.;'�'�. 1, ' � � w,
� � �^ w�.y..
�' ''*�.1;� ��� p t a r� ' n�g
�� � ! y�°�,
�
� � ��;�uut�� � �
A :
\. �4'. Sv!.�.1: h.
�
� . � i �� w��z ���
1'��+��,.� v` ,
� #�a 7 ;, ' �3 �} � �
s �t�f i ��"^,��4i4
��.. � ��� � a
� c
,� � �i�,
�u �, t�Ut��r ��d ' �'� ``� � �' � ` � ��' s�li
�„ .�
'
�hS ie� ,s�.,�..� � " N � � 4 ...�' \�+�b�� ^� d� �,
v .
� f ���4 `2�`��b 4 B � V" .
� u.�s tt � � �'t .
�'sr� �, '"` ``� � '1���'Pa�
�' � , �,'�.��`;;s v ,. y��., .Y �`�
�. �. �° �b �� €u k x. ,,..,
� 4 7
, d> .., , ,.�
.�,,,_� ^, m �,.: ..t�e.,." �;�`. �.. .a� . �,�s^��.
.`t �. . , . S �"•��� _� .
c�`?, :, y�`c''��`� ?".y�'
i d' 7 !0 � l t .d8 t d 8 8 At'8' .$. � i� i
i ' i '. A I"0. / .! t 796 ' i ^.B i
i 'I.. P ! 't d t 8 6 ..P
zo r ° �°
Bedding Sand Not Necessary seems to be no problem with sod selectiion for fire lanes.If the
Do not use a sand setting base with our products.Unlike concrete Grasspavez area has just been seeded or sadded,drive on it only
pavers,bricks,and other rigid pavers—our Grasspave2 and in an emergency.
Gravelpave2 are flexible and do not require sand to level. Gravelpave2 Maintenance
Edge Protection Potholes will only appear if the base course has not been
For aesthetic and maintenance considerations,you may want to compacted properly before laying the rings or if the base material
design in a durable edging material to separate our porous is allowed to mix into clay soils below (use nonwoven fabric to
pavers from adjacent areas of turf or to sirnply delineate a fire keep separate).Should this occur,remove a section by vacuuming
lane or path.With Gravelpave2,an edging can prevent vegetation the gravel from the rings,unfasten the snap fit fastener,bring
from encroaching onto the system and can prevent the gravel�ll the base course to the proper grade and compaction,put the
from migrating at the edge.Steel,aluminum,wood,brick,or con- Gravelpavez square back in place,anchor,and fill to the top of
crete are all acceptable edging materials.Keep the edging flush the rings.Seasonally check the rings in high-traffic areas and
or slightly higher than the porous paver grade. entrance lanes for lower levels of fill and replace by sweeping
gravel from other areas to bring it level again.Leaves should be
raked or vacuumed and not allowed to decay.Organic matter wiil
Maintenance and Operation stimulate weed growth and reduce porosity.To attack any occa-
Grasspave2 Maintenance sional weeds that may locate within the Gravelpave2 installation,
Irrigation is required in dry climates.Any popular pop-up system simply spray them with a weed killer(such as Roundup"`) and
can be used.Simply cut out rings to reveal the irrigation head.If remove them when dead.
golf courses in your area use irrigation systems,you probably Cold Climate Cancems
should in your Grasspave2 installation.Be careful not to over- porous pavement thaws faster than conventional pavements
water as this will encourage shallow root development. because it allows melted water to flow directly through the
Fertilize once a year with an NPK slow-release fertilizer that pavement,increasing the temperature in the cross-section.
contains trace elements.There are many brands on the market. �rasspavez and Gravelpave2 are made from flexible High
Do not aeratei You'11 end up with product damage.When installed Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic with UV inhibitors,which
using sand in the rings,there will not be a compaction problem. Wrthstands repeated freeze-thaw cycles and continuous subzero
Be careful not to use clay-based sods in pedestrian or vehicular temperatures without cracking.
traffic areas—use sandy soil sod,or seed and mulch.There
�t�°
4�,��°'' • �,��
fi ���m. � ' � °. ����3
� r,� ���� ��, �
�
3"` � ;39 ���<, u r �a��?
is
1,f�R�,x !6 t �...
ri�.
�: �-
�z� � , � � � � ���`�"��� M
°
� �
� , �� s
,� ��. � y , �.. ' . ���d�YA��i
��* . ,.,, �� . �. f �.4,, � , ` �''t'.''a�.
[ ��
�
�"`,. .� i . ,, ,. ` _��. , �:.,i uad�� . .
y 1 s � �
. �
„ ..��s. ��i� . ., a.�b'
� n ..' « � . .:
� i� titi� .� '.#w.. , w ..:
1&' ' .v? . ....:s� .; , ...
�a. ". �`' � .. .. ,�. . .:
�
�'
� ,I ,� ��'
�� , , , � � t��,�, :
�� � � � , . � ����.��,�;t�
,
�,��
� '" z . .....:.,�:. . .., ,rr:�. . � ��- ' ` ��,�,�awt�4��nS�� G
�����3���
r'�''
'��,�� �������
,
r ����
� �.{!�;` '� �,�ml;.�{,1�3".�i k �'��.,
' � ���°� � 'a.� r V 'Yif f �a's`��^ �7�t :1�`s�.� 4;�z�;,.u sTM. �h v x°, "
s
, � I �.��,i �" i �,�'� �a 4, �. *�a�. y '��,a ti�' ,�"��� �' s
� ( 7
�� (i � � k Y ��'� � �� �` ' i �ei e �
.: � �
,� S�:'^'�1���,�f �� i�,�°���i'�a�^,xctk, �;�
L ` �
u v C� � i ��('i��4�7���i �Y Y4�'���, �1V���1� i t �,.
� � ' � .>,� � f 4� �`YM1',�,��il f � . 45�� � �,���, � 'k `�;�E`�'r�'�
.i�^ � a l Y d }+� t Y`f,l�'L`tn:p�.uS§��`�1, ���\ E��`� ,.� L`..`z`t-
� W 4 Y ,.�3 t^ �'.y"e,'� c �f.�r;u�;.v,"� ,.�F��.� `r�����'�'3���� ``
�tn ,�,��'a�a$ S� s���� t�ia a?..
�"� � �'"��yt�,s,{?,``yCL'v`s^�"'ai 7�,��s,y�...
:�: l �`.,�1 4���1'�v3f�, r Cj�5i��
`'""�r '�. \
� � k 4`�`�t`�`.�+� k��s'4��ti1���,�'���t)��'� .
. t�.i 1 ' . . �' � ���z.�:4 :�C'
. ti, h., t..,�,4��,.w.e�w:,,,r. `�. .r.�§.�s,m. ,,�£-�,��C��,ih,�.. . : ��._.. '��.e3�?�...�c*�i wt 7�. ,w.�. .,. .n..�:.. „�...3,'��`4��. .;.�..�
Private Residence,Houston,TX—Grasspavez supported grass sections in thrs custom home driveway.
Gr�nd Ganyan lrusG Flagstaff,Al Thirtycar employee parking lot after several years of
snaw removal and exceltenf maintenance.Spaces are defined wiih concret�bumpers.
�., � � ' ,; ,, �� ,. .��, �� ,� � � � , � . ���
..
..�.,` ...Y �, �'�.,�,. �. ,',,..;
�.:, ,, i . �"
.. ,, r , � , , 7�
„
x
r
„
�,: . 1 .. .,i. .�.. ; .
' ^ ,:, ��; �. ` � .�;.
F
�' . ;.
3
: t^ -:,x" , fi
i .,, "' �' t t t
�
� �
� P 1 `�.. �n . ��� ���� y �
���� =E i �� � ��� � �
"1�« ��a �' ;�` � 1 � �� �
I � �` d
; " \,�,. � � ��q ,�^�� �;,�^. �4�'
�? �b `, ,y��. 4 a `€ u�.
� j
r`: � y ,'� € �c�e i � st�`<,
�r'^ �a �.�.'+",�e "`�• !.� tv. � � u+.��F �.� � ..�
' � }
t y . , h� � .�u� .
� �, . � £ _�� �� � N'+^ �
�,�*" � k .*'.�,,� f4�'�� g�' � � ��'
as,. M` t ""�'-'� i' �,�.. �'�"`�w',• � T°��ry
` '" ,�.� ,�e � "�� ` }!
9 i. ..� . .� � €rv_ d +p s �
�t�"' ;�+� `y�w 4 � '� F.: � 1p � � ��+.. s :.k� F .
w +
"+�.�'. �� �, � �... � ae � �C f'`� ty„ � '� ,�. .
;,�� �° za,.` 6� ; �. � �, ���.� � � � �'a'��7
+ ? i
� {! � �«i�� ' ��� ������� .' � a�'��'���� �"' . � � '��� `� � �" � t
,�' � , �� �
� k9� # M1 �` � 6� ��� _ =� a;� r 7»'�� `��t.? '��r°' 7 d ;�a. �p� �a �,���`� �a
€'' � `;. � ���a�"} �d� c t� � w°�' +"?m A��" �����, � �t�� �: .�'"�a o'� a°"a r �°'
� , � �;� �s
� `�.� �� , .,{ta.»- � '°�"�`�,�"�.i.��,�,nt �� � `�.�; y t���� r�� ,��.�i�^�,�'�`° ,�. � �t e��,
�, . n^,n. .��� �
�� � � � ,� ��.�s, � - -:�
r� 7
. �r � �r�.a� �� ���� . } �� � }r �,
,. ��: �
& '�,»�„ �� mt �t S� �
, .
� � ,� �",�r-'. � _ �`� ��°���4a `'�, ;"'a:,'�*�.i��'�..,.
�`°" t .
}� ..� �.� '* t� � ��F ��-�^ ��;L..�� , 4 �
�
�
t < ��� .�, tn, ,.$ ����,,." .t��.� ���+
,
.r ^,
� �s¢
� ' t � �������
�� � �
�`,r��• F�`��_ ���" � �� ��: � � ��
� � . �
� ,� `� ��' �� ��� � �� � �s " � � ����
�
,
� r �, '� � __ � . �t �� , � `��, w���
�
� g� � �a � `� �
� � �, s � �� �
i . � k L °e �� k ' � dy� � �' �[I&pj ' F ��:• „ ,{�.
� i�� �+, � . u f�i �� � � ����� ` ,s-�,,�� �. '�,� +..�� � �4. Wpp.f �'X..� F ; �Id� s �'
`�'�, � u � �+�, !�, � � ���,"� + rt�*�N .� �. � �5�� � d � . ,� ,,} �� §$� 's ���be � `'<
'�� # � .'�+� k' 'v � � r ,;:. k "�*r �n� '..� ��'��. .� ° 4 � �a� � ,k��L�,�,� ��� .�.
�1`. � � ,:� ��:�3 � � ��V ��.M�,�myg q�, i� ,�,�`�Afr�W �� �,. � � �� �i...� p�'e-xi� " ����' '�,+� 1p*� .,�. �s ; � F �ei ,'.
� '"ra l 9 h F + {u:^"yb ,7 e`.q} "'��:el rw fde�F� K,� 5 �3�`{"�� U'`v, T y� � * �.xF
�« r�1 ° ,�°2� .�n c�":f � . ., p+ � �' :� ��, �� -� �: : �$�z�
"
��� g�, q ,��+s � �� � .�M a � ��" "� ����, ����, �� �,... �; �,a , ti,� �
'�,�.. .a�� a,�,,��aP �{�.�, .. .=,
`�"`� �� � � �a �,�,f�'���`' � - �. s
.�� �m � r�� ��°�a.,�,as� � ��„ �.� � q� � '�' �� � ��;�st� �� � _; E� � �t:�
� ��� "�s A :�+��' } �4 �� ;� � ��`P���h�� � �� �'i' k '� � �`e u
� � � � � � � � �,��y �
I C.a �� � � � `"���e�"�^"�` �� ' `'a � a,r�� ���.�'� �� f: � . f{�' � "» �
� 4'�� s P �� � ��,.o � � ,� ;� p ,� �� � e '�4 � ��� c m y� Q �
w��'�'� � �„�°�Y � '���� .,au ��`�'� ��„'�k� �.3�'�' .�^�� �y`�' .t xt.. � i I ���.. t�"°a. 'd •ti
�� ;.°a �� �°��; �� � t �.�: � ��g, � z�'� �. �., �t�t�. ix. ��� $�� a " ''�`��. s° `�`: � "°"�? �,a
�� �_„'�� � � � �� .,:�� , -"�S i ������ ; ����e��������� �i�. ,'.«,A� �I�r'� €#.� � =h,`�{�" �' E � F a .;1� �,E�
�a ,c �� � r�°�. °�'�.;.�e � 1 5:��.tf`� . 'r: �a�;� �'&"+:��'v ���'»���z�'� ���'� '� �k � v ���d��"',�� ^�'.' �'�"� ���.1.. t � .� � ".¢
'� � � �: �� ' '� ` �.� �'u�`� ��'�' �` �t:� ¢. 7.t� + ,� �.z a�r ; x
��. ��s� x '...S "��" .x � � �a �,`�' . �� M� � � ��.�g ��h : �` .� e ��` "°� �� �;i
� s � �
� ��� a a,` .a "r`�°'��' �Y.�'^� �#,� sxz�`� $a�,."' },.a. i� :, t �` �t Q�, s`�x,,, � p,ys �' 4� -y�' F �
���� ��C��� : � ������ � ,._ � '� 9�..� .i�`' y � Y�� � �d �� q�"°* �� M#�` ��~ ��� �� '� �
a f�. �T.��ds ' y �� °�a w: ;.t �">...f,s � :.,� c 's:.C.. t � : s �a�... my, ':% a '��.
� 9�� g �� 6""r. �a °� °'�+.t rt� ,.k� �.a����' @�,..�^ �4p �' xiL 4r.�:� =�`u�"��ryS��"?v��'"`�b" 7 �,, 3� € ,�d°�,f�i I ' � �« �. #` 4 �53 4 '�.� ;
e '� ��","''4 � �gq��'^ � � ` �� ��ny`�,'�.�s�y� * a3 ' �"�` �' + �' � � ''
'�°F�-°P ea� . � � a �"'':1 �� !a 3 �re�,t^r. � � � . � k w c y � "`
r [: � + �i C� � . '�'� � ����
s,t�` `� � � �t�"� s �a ' f � ��"�� b '� �. � `�� �j ��' � 14�
�, �� �, �r �C� � : Fe� :_ � �� :.�,,: �'a'�, �fi� � �a '��� .� � �� �- �..
k �x u; i� �, +� a� � ��3 �o a 1�a�b� �y § " ,� � ea �,�� � ���a �� .� , a� � a'�� ��
s �. x � y � 0 � �"��i Y �� � ,��' ?��u�"'',��' e„ .. ; ', s, 9 �"� i. �.
� � '� rfi ��, t � a ,��3I '� �$ � � F`'x 4°�pa�-.� .�"����' $ ���;
'� � ° �. ���^��a x �;� �� � �,� . `�.'. � � `• � x � a
3 ��' � t ¢ "'�q � ' "� � �„ t�" Y��,a i"*�� � '�°
,� � - �„ y E t� � • �te #'( �� F � � ,�� :,,_ t � e �",�� � � ;'w i � 4 .
�' °���P `� � �� s R`� f� (' � ��� �� .
� ��� �� t k e�� `� �,�� # �g y � � ,''� Y���h �#����, '�4 �` "�#��. "�
� '..y : ^� � . y . � �{r
� �i f; {fr � t p d S H� ,� l � � §�.. f ��a.,
. m� F7 - �� 6�a fi
04� I.
� �� '� _� , :�� �" � i; �` �`'4, . � � �a�:q��f.k"'�.�. `� �, a
�
���R �,�� � �� �[, �' y� � s�s� aE;� �'�, (� � ���,.�:� ����� � '�� ��� � ���� �
� ». <, .�..,.
� .� . � ��, �, � z
.. � , ..� �. :n� x .. �- .. �`.,e �., ,a �? ...e� e�d:3� _ �^�" g�.+ °*�:.�
22 �°}'��'---
� Fire departments usually require you to plow snow that is over three '� �� z �4� �, �' �' �"'� ���
, �.
` inches deep.(7,5 cm).Consaltwith your 1ocalfire departmenCft�r their �� �� ' � + ��� � `�� �,,, _
guidelines. � �������,� ����� �n �� �� � ,
�,�:�.� $>
Educate your snow retnoval crew to take care not to have the plow �" ,n.�`; e, ;� , k� s
�
' blad��make contaeY with the Grasspave�or Gravelpavez systems. � ° � ,� °� � ° ��:xe
Experienced snowplow drivers can leave a thin layer of snow on '`"�` �`
' the systems or they can attach skids(3/�inch-2 cm) to the bottom ° _�r " ,. ,,, , 'F
of the blades. �
�t�
Sales and Technical Support Partners ' '
Invisible Structures,Inc,welcomes the opportunity to review designs
and answer technical questions.Design details,technical specifica- '
' tions,white papers,and oYher support material may be downloaded
„
�v� . .� � �.,>,. w
from our web site.See a comprehensive list of project profiles and '
case studies at www.invisiblestructures.com. '
In addition to the high-quality,professional,experiencetl staff at our
main headquarters in Colorado,we have excellent partners represent- '
ing their geographical areas.They are prepared to assist you locally, " '
� .:�.,, r. a, �,
' at al1 levels,with your project needs.Please contact us or check our ,
web site for your partner name and information, Grasspavelisusedasacooi,stablesuriaceforpicnictablesaracommunitypnol.
Contact Information � � � �Y� �4�� � �
I11V1S1�12 S�PUCtUPeS,IRC. � � �� � ,�` ��az�:'"�� �� .�,���`�� ��'
1600 Jackson St.Suite 310���• Golden,Colorado 80401,USA � �"� � �` � ��
$00-233-1�5�10 overseas and��locally 303 233-$383 �` � �"�� � � � �
H , =
�„��� h,.
Fax 800-233-1522 overseas'and locally 303-233-8282 � � �-� �
www.invisiblestructures.com 4 � --- - °~
email:sales@invisiblestructures.com '"
Grasspavez and Gravelpave2 Patent No.5,250;340 Held by Wiliiam °> �� `
�� Bohnhoff,ASLA.Copyright 0 2006 ������� � ��
��at i �m� +``�k�t!� �.a�s�".`4"�y4��'�' ��`�i'ti,..'�,wa,rv�'d`p�S t n �»-
re.�+
`� �`�'..�i ��"��a����i�z�: �
�� �� .,r
3� � �
�.
���t�.�..x
„w. .. � '� �..
City ofWhite Rock Operations,White Rock,8ritish'Columbia-Gravelpave2 is used`
in tne main tlrive aisle ofthe works yard and 6rasspave�is usetl for the parking bays.'
{ � ��. � � � Graveipave2:Available ��_ Grasspau�and
� �'��� `� ���` ���� �����'�..,�.�'}� inseveralrolfsizes. ,,i �i�'`�� p
�
Gravel avez:Reusable
�� � ���� � �
� ' � � � �� ,t ���,�` snapconnestorrequires
"� � � s � Squares weigh 1.97 kg � �
� .,�� �' _,
� �� 516s to connect and
�� � �'� � a � �� (4.3416)each � a--��, ,�,.--
' resists 7016s nf
� j
� "���� ��i�" i1 �` � a �' �"e"*;� , r,0/dlS:C8SE1�W 8lOW0, '�;��' ���� �: �JUII-2polC fOfG@.
� �
,_ �"� � �� ��,�� ;��� Biack,Pewter Grey,Terra ��� �"� �,,�:
f' �`� '�. Gotta ���-x
�`� s � � *� �'� � Resin:HDPE. °'�' ,��
�
�` � , ��� . ' ���� Strength:402kg/crrr�
�.� .aa.e.�aa
(�noF��).
� Bun�23�m B.Jnn- 167ari�M1 ,23rm�� � � .
. �-.24' 0.3' 33' .�6B' .,� . .
_ . ......_.._.
50 '
W
.....�19T1 � � ..
.. � .......� w.,.. ... .. _. . ._ .._._ .., . .�.,�,.-.�. _,.. _�i;��w*?'4..'�'�.�..�^._ � :f ...���s^. ,. .._ ��.... ..�.c�� ..-.�^;��...._�r..ar�,. ..
24 /�' �-3
i �o i �t,i�Pl � �9PP e� i��'iq i
RCVV�y���^�!�P ���r�ti�� 'I�� �V� � �� ���I �
� �, , l ���f�4iPl{11��1�0(6�
�
4 � i���� p� ��
�� i� p �I�l)�IMp� ��I�i�91�r� i��������. ����r��`��
w Sa
.�., �; � �� '
t
M
n�
.��... . ��: �:`����. � ` -„�� . . . . .
Beachrings?a portable and re-usable Draincore2 conveya�ce layer is used for Rainstore3 is the new standard in e�cient SlopetameZ—much more than an erosion
plastic boardwalk system,provides an advanced subsurface and green-roof sub-surface stormwater storage.Rainstore3 cantrol bianket or mat—a completely
attractive,comfortable,and slip resistant applications.A replacement ior antiquated is modnlar and stacka6le for versatile site integrated system of rings,grid,fabric,
surface for equat access to beaches. French drains,�raincorez can maximize design.Rainstore3 is 94%void space and anchors,and vegetation to control erosion
8eachrings2 also works well for temporary tlrainage(58 gpm per foot witlth)and can be designed for detention,retention, on some of the toughest siopes,channels,
vehide access over mud and sand. minimize costs. or water harvesting for re-use. swales and more.
Quick Reference Guidefor�rasspave2 and Gravelpave2
�a� ��
� � �� �
� i� ; � �`���a������� , ��
� „'� �,� .�a���'��A ���,. ..� � . ,��,3 x
Description Connectable ring and grid system Connectable ring;grid,and integrated fabric
Alsa Included Hydrngtow polymer--exclusively for . Geote�ctile fabric molded to grid(exclusive ta
' Grasspave� Gravelpave�}and anchbrs
Available in Large,Flexible Rolls Yes,various sizes—see roll chart page 14 Yes;various sizes—see roll chart page 14
Colors < Bl�ck Black,gray,tan,terra cotta,custom colors extra
Gomponents Needed for System Base course,sand,labor,sod or seed Base course,lY�'(3.2cm)of'/�s"CO 3�A�
(irrigation is recommended) decorative gravel,and labor
TrafFic Low speed,intermittenf to rnodeCate use Low speed,unlimited use
Cornpressive System Strength Filled:5,721 psi(39273 kPa); Filled:to 5,721 psi(39,273 kPa)
Empty:2,100 psi(14,470 kPa) Empty:2,100 psi(14,470 kPa)
Life Span 80 years 25 years
Recommended Maximum Slope 5%fire lanes,8%carllight truck,15-20%goif 5%fire lanes,8%car/light truck,15-20%golf
carts,pedestrian use,and trails carts,pedestrian use,and trails
Stormwater Storage Yes � ' Yes
Clean Pollutants through Bioremediation Excellent Good
Air-Conditioning Effect ' Yes No!
Heat Island Mitigation Yes—therma]conductivity,heatstorage capacity, Yes-thermal conductivity,heat storage capacity,
density,albedo(.40)and emissivity density,albedo(varies)and emissivity
Reduces Runoff and Non-Point Source Pollution Yes Yes
Recycied Content 100%recycled HDPE plastic 100%recycled HDPE plastic,remnant fabric '
Erosion Control Yes Yes
Airborne Dust Capture and Retention Excellent Good
Promotes and Retains Tree Growth Yes Yes
Recharges Groundwater Yes Yes
; 1600 Jackson St.,Suite 31Q,Golden,CO 80401,USA �
$ 800-233-1510•Fax:800-233-1522 '
` t�verseas and Ioca1l :303-233-8383�Fax:303-233-82�2
� 1 1' � � ' y Gravelpave2 and Grasspave2 Patent No.5;250,340
y WWW.ITiV1SibleStCUCtu1'eS.COm held by William Bohnhoff,ASLA
, „ „� e �. a� emaiI:sales@invisiblestructures.com Copyright�z006
�� ��
The H�A Group �andscape Architects & Planners, Inc.
Gommunity Qesign•Parks and Recreation°Llrbar�C7esign°Land Planning•Enuironmenfal Qesign
MEMORQND�M 1050 Twentieth Street
Suite 20d
Sacramento,CA
Date: November 23,2011 95811
916.447.7400
To: Kim Jordan, City of Ukiah fax 916.447.8270
From: Andrea Strahlo,The HLA Group www.hiagroup.com
Re: Wal-Mart Ukiah—Requested Tree Planting Information CR�a
a7�o
H�A Praject#: 83508
We received an email from Kim Jordan with the City of Ukiah asking us to provide some additional
information regarding proper tree well size, soil treatments, soil amendments, proper irrigation and
maintenance which could be provided to the Planning Commission.This information could also be '
used to create conditions of approval for the Wal-Mart expansion project in Ukiah, CA. Additianally
we were asked about the use of structural soils and if the information she provided was relevant. !
In response to these comments we have the following recommendations.
1. The planter islands in the existing parking lot measure 5' x 7' (35 sf.)from the inside of the
curb lines. Other city requirements such as the City of Davis and City of Sacramento have
a minimum standard of 6' x 6' (36 sf.).The difference of 1 sf.will not adversely affect the
potential growth rate.
2. There are a couple options which could be looked at in regards to the soil treatment/
amendments and replanting trees into the existing planting locations.
a. Our first recommendation after the existing trees have been removed would be to '
explore the planter islands to see if the geo-te�ile fabric which was placed during
the construction of the parking lot in 1993 (noted in the Geotechnicai report, and
Boring locations)was left below the planting areas which wauld have created a '
sheif which the tree roots would not have been able to grow through,thus stunting '
the root growth and overall health. If these conditions exist the fabric would be
removed.
b. We would then propose over-excavating ali of the existing planting islands to a
depth of 36"and replace the existing material with amended topsoil and re-
compact it to planting specifications,this would give the tree the adequate root-
able volume.
c. if additional measures are needed,the use of structural soils could be an option.
This`soiP has been designed to allow for the required compaction under
pavement while allowing tree roots the ability to spread and provides the
necessary void spaces to grow. The soil is comprised of angular stone and soil
mixture which is placed in each piantpit, compacted, and then the tree is planted '
directly into it. The main body of research about CU-Soils was conducted by
Cornell Universiry which holds the patent to this product and has provided
information as to the instailations to date. (See attachment) '
i. Although this has been used in other locations additional research would
need to be conducted to determine the viability of using structural soils:It
has been noted that the trees benefit from the use of pervious paving
above the structurai soils to provide additional aeration and water from
runaff.
ii. Depending on the volume of structural soils determined for this site the
cost cauld approximately$3000 per tree.
3. The replacement and upgrading of existing irrigation equipment would benefit the trees
and promote overall heath. With the installation of new watering technologies and a ,
cc: Jon Romaguera /Tait&Associates '
`s
i
i
f
The H�A Group �andscape Architects& Planners, Inc.
1 -- �'�
Community Design•Parks and Recreafiion•Urb�n CJesign��and PIai�E�ing��nuironrnental Design
watering schedule the trees would be provided supplemental water to help establish the 1050 Twentieth Street
roots. Per the existing irrigation plan showing (2)quarter spray heads,the irrigation could suite 200
have been a factor in the stunted grawth of the existing trees if the heads have been Sacramento,cA
broken or not maintained. 958��
4. The proper tree selection will be key when finalizing the planting plan for the parking lot. 9�s.a47.7aoo
The trees selected shall be hardy far the adverse conditions associated with parking lots tax s�s.aa7.s27o
such as pollution, added heat, and reflective surfacing.The trees will also be selected for �hlagroup:com
their ability to adapt to the soils and their watering needs. Proper maintenance#or the CR�A
trees will also determine their health and longevity. Having the trees staked properly, 27�0 ,
pruning,fertilization and protection from damage caused by cars and shopping carts, are
just a few examples of ineasures which could be taken to promoting healthy trees.
cc: Jon Romaguera /Tait&Associates '
/ � f �'
�,\II� �
i 4'"�►�'`�i1 III �e��
�CON5TEt61�7'IAN PI2tDL1tICTS INC.
I r i i - i i r
Effective stormwater treatment and off-line bypass in one structure
Stormwater treatment BMPs must be designed to convey
both the water quality flow,as well as the peak flow
generated from a speci�ied�drai�age area. Design engineers ��� ��` �� � ��� �
and jurisdictions may prefer to bypass these infrequent, �_�<; �������� �� ��� '� � �, ���
high flows araund the treatment BMP,which eliminates the
possibility of washing out captured pollutants. Commonly �
referred to as�offline bypass,typically an upstream diversion ��� s��t���=� ���"��� ��
structure,additional conveyance pipe,and a downstream
junction are required. This can add significant material ar►d �� �, ���
�
� ��, k�;;.
��°� � ��� �t:.
installation cost to the stormwater treatment system. '� � ���� � , �
<::.;„ �}>����
With the new.peak diversion configuration ofthe ` �; ��� �'��� ��
��� ���� �
Stormwater Management StormFilter,you have another � � � ��'� ��_;�������ti��� ��`��
,,:; . .. ��� U �����
aption to incorporate the proven StormFilter technology � ' " �������� f
��"
with an off-line bypass in ONE treatment BMP. Similar
StormFilter configurations(Curb Inlet,Linear Grate Inlet,and
Catch Basin)have been used on sites to provide treatment
��,��,
and bypass in one system. Now,the Peak Diversian
StormFilter offers this functionality in an end-of-pipe
� ;��
solution. Additional structures and their associated cost are
not,required. �� �`� ���
�
��
Key Benefits: �
• Combines ofF-line bypass and the proven StormFilter " � � �
�
pollutant removal capabilities infio one structure �
�� �,� r Q t �� � �'�
• Eliminates material and installation cost of ad�ditional � �� � �;`���;��
� � <
`�� h�. i*�`�-�`w`„`�1 `� ',�'�W-s���Y���ay���'� t
structures ta bypass peak flaws ����;��,��� ��t�,� � ,��z�� �`��y`�� r ti�4����`��� a�1����� �le
� ��.` ` ,-, �`t� rned��` Its p����t�d� �;���.
� Reduces the overall footprint of�the treatment system, ? sucface��I��n7hg��ys�e!n pi��v�ntssurf�c�bl�nd,�ng,r�h�ch�����'������ ����
avoid�irtg utility and right-of-way conflicts ���exten�ds the�cartridge life'cy��e<�the Storrn�i�ter�`�roven�. '
field-tested perforrnance h�s led to hundreds of stand-alone
• Internal weir allows high peak flows with low hydraulic a ' '
ppeovals by�regulatory agencies nationwide,including the �
head (osses first proprietary BMP to receive Final Certificatian feam the
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection as a
° Up to 36"core openings aceommodate large inlet and standalane stormwater treatment system.
outlet pipes for high flow applications
CQNTECH Construction Products Inc. � 800.338.1122�www.contech-cpi.com
.� �--
� �
_
��, w w• �
� w
� o F- °. � w o a o J
w o ro�` Z � � o m x ¢ w z o '��' tt � W
u o'` �y� -` W ... �, � o � o �O m �� o �' J
� 3 r ' S - � � xr z �� y
o ag W� �� � � � iri o o ° o ��o � �o o� � LL .......
�W N � � �.� � i= uS O � y f1�1 S,`
¢ UJ('l � x� � o o N w c5 �� � � z� o � �F � � �
a W�W 3.,ao�a �w. Fa�g � z 3� c~i � �o � y mw Z � Q
Q z M_d' o�U ¢rc a >� Q � °� � � v`�i� ° n � W Cn F-
y m
� ° E,� !n Q �owpy �w z � c� wa o z 4z � a wo � Z W �
c� � E- o��¢o t9 LL c� � o a � x o t� a t�_ ui�r=ui �J,J �
o � QwaK�o a �� F fw w a zt9 m .�i ��Uz
oc9 ��3 w¢w a . ��, a a m � i cn �-��=z w �O�-� �� .
� � oa''c�> a 'a rm � o �.a aoQw a �o �=�z Q � O
z�z r� z��1- ~a m p N o Wp >w owfL U �F. Uf,F-o �
W aou° �wr���g °�� r-w " w ao�y� >°' �rc°aO � �:� �3zi 'Z �' .
J zc�F �QUgwo¢°w a'�� -w+d z o 3ou.�� �F wa0a w� �c� w�o= Q W � .
LYl pa..wi " m3arcu�c�� n?O ?w a Z �u�a rns �o.°'� w �a Ww�o. c2 > .
� w�?o 'E�n . . u.rwn=u ow a��w �. tai �?rcm Q' � Q :
owso o^ym zo .xwo� w t�i u�'iawN W Y ~ �
Z �"'ttz a¢m--� �z �=si"' rc u'g aa�w ~ a � �.
(7 �Z �w tw-¢ oa :3�'nz a � aF'o,- Q W. �.
«o" w� _ _ �=�w Z o z�-> > a
(n c�w^''+ F�'n .ao zo�-a o z ¢��w >
� �no°= �N �mLL�n 3aw ¢n,gw > z o��� �` � .
w"'�° a.;c�3 w � uwJ� a � c�i�-�-uw .
d' azy za o xzo �wao w �x O X
W ��.�� o��LL ao� a��o z F J�o� ep �
J �tW-w� y�a� oz� w»� a w awaw (L .
� a"'h� Zt~-'�� zo� m�NO � LL wF.n� ��.
� v W
cQipwz �v? n¢�� ��'n.w`�� x�c4i"' t-rc`n �flrc�-+ ~
� zF'a� rn� ,' .� azx�j �Ww w�z� QoFpm�u=i� ..
� ��zy . �\.r•✓�\i � � d°�a� �wa ��o� rcw3oz°"gw. .
F- ruWm p'�o o�4i� . W �5 ° m wE�zN� orc��C z�LL �
¢a J l VI � � (n . W U. yQ pLL2 JQWN
� Wam 0� � J. � ��Nw 0. >O O �
¢a m r i � z�. w aw � �a� ,��xzz zow����-z
c�g�� y O �m �� Q�y..:, rcwFdt-oo�� 4�aawQQ� e �
ttw¢w \t i F=� \r (, W�� .wrc fn�..t-�� zw��n��-r-d� � v . �
wU>�vi t ��`�,,���'""' / ,�' A `Y w �.' �<�� x�Ca r-Z wzN w o m
J2QN " f0 �� � �'� � F �Q. yu��Ky» a a=-zo= �1� �.
_¢U�¢ Z Of\ ��i � t� Zg w� � �3�0 ww w(9w��-aF g p .
>- �� m �� �■,v,.,�n Xf�< E K w ma xz=a ��w ozwr 'aw � �.
�w¢ o, '4o Z W h= om Q -'F_3��¢ wo�.. o > ffi w
>w� d u� �;.A F �,f F a 3 Ci�a a �
O Z�¢ O' fG ✓ \,%�." (�Q � � QI-Z 6'QJ W 4F- W'SQ�Ott WWW i ym>U¢>tu0 Ec� N .
FOLLW � W LLJ xU O�K KF' F-F O !-OY� � x
W `� N?'� � �� W Ttq¢ W�� WZ�6Q Y]K(�WaQW ����.
zY�Z rc u �i��� �p1 � ��; t�ci Q �"'zwz oYZw.ac�i�33 yawazzaE-rc p 3 0
�na!-z �' ��1'in !� � at� r � aoo wmu.0 0000 � 6'V M1
o�pn x LL o G � �m p w a° �a<°�3 xzz � c�i-���-r-`- a o
K �na a �o, 0+�'i ��' �t� �... ✓�c9wttw yo�¢¢KZ�n��� oywrc rtrcrcrc ��y.y . .
w ❑ o �... �/J o �,o �O wom�� wF(n� w_w o z�QaOw0000 _
z mw ��, t�� Qa i- z FzF->y�rc¢ Z mF-rcrr-rt- ��,IO �
o�ow o aQ �'�,��;r�' LL z�.� ox o�rc w_a�c�c� am wo�u o o o p�
m-O .o,' .a a�rc zw�y �nLLrc�o� a�aaa�a ►�v
r4awy r J^orc �a�xu" . aw�ot�z¢ ��mttc��¢�rc
o x �w �c�mLL� z�.�rc > > '��F-. i-�-E-�- \�111I=��m �
�3 a �� �3 '� o,4zw¢ao'?rca�- graz�zzzz l,�1\��j ��
a�o �w ma �wt=-c�a wO�Ow�-xF-' c� azxoFOOOO /,``= o rv
- v� _ �rnwo wc�ou_¢m�-m",'a �a�nc�rnc�vc�u
xV�� C�=�z� aLLam� c�.=�ici o u> ?� n cidvi�o �,',r O � m ��.
LL . '
v m
www� �wo�4rc � .m � ' ..
4�-NFQ K N�W K
. . a r w�a
U N 2 F U
NIW.E�&
a
�
N
__,_ _ - ---{{{''' (((���''' .T__jt'__�__�i'
i�' r �\, ���r` }E-_St` `� �t`� � CJ �il LI i.
�� F�M �, � b° i � i° �� Lm,$)
i i j 3i i i , i i r� i I � i ii .
� t a,�� Co� �:_�f o �� t �' I 1 L'___-'�-���
� I i� i I �.'i i� � I i� I I r_____��fl
�l I i b I f ,� i � I i ' t 1 I I ��I
�� �07 ���.s i �aY .�.--_ s lgti ri i �-1 i ��i
� �"i � i i�� i"i : i i� i i i i �{ i ��i
i ..t i,�f i„i �, i i rf `� i i.``� � �--- ���
i
� 'N�r� � 1 �`r-� i �,o} � �_� i i -- -�- I d
� � �`� � � � � � �.,� � � �� i r- � i�i _
� i„I 4 I I.£ L.. 1 i i.�� I.�1 1� � � � i ��
�� ��.� ; � � � tioi , ��,� �e� ,� � � ,� a
1� i I I t i I i � �i i Y I t /1 '� 1 � ��1 11
� `�i l,f i�� ��_y�f i�.,� i i_�r � , � �-=_�=r-iti�
� . � 1J n -i rri 1 � t°�i i. i 7. i ��f i � ��ii Y
� i � i � i f i i � � i �` i i �I i �
W I ��I Y
�� Fpy � i . � Io� } � L',I oi }1 � 4 1 � 1 �I �:4
> 1 i�� � i i t`�i 1 t i� i°� �� � i �] ���I 3
� �� � i,.i i i � i i f i i � i i �� �i� � � iii o Z
� �Lr �0 1•L-.Y � Qp. � UY! I -0 1 �'- -- !-{i�I .�`�LL ��
Z � I I" t I �'I I ! I � i i��..I �� Y I (�' '- I I O
i
a i� i � �p � i I i � "� � i�f i � }� o a � ._ Z i i i ii F �� �°#� �...
� �i Qo ��l--�t i Q � a-:I Qo ��I Q �{ � �.
i �t i � , � i�`a i i � � v i � ,� u�io o m J � i -{ � i Q �u,+e
..� �ff i t�.a �. t i i H.i �� i � � Q. ¢ i 1 _ �Ji�i � �i
� � vr�-;.,� .C� �.�i.i �° �tr-i� i �4 3 � . ___°�-i d W a
i f i i v � i ' � r � i ,� i � ` i � z i �-- i � E°�.
m �i 1J_Lr� yry t�1_I.F i - O� I I i� ��p�+s ��
z It � r�rT� 1✓ Irt'l-,� ,��, �I F= I � i i� W 7�a �.
�a �`. � i .�` i i � � i � �i i � i i '� � � `� i ��ig6 '�.
..� k i 0 1"t.Y�� p' j�i._4-f I Q I i __'__ 1�I Pt. .
� � ,'i?:..t � {�� ��i ,� �r�-� � w i . (.-____�-���I rai �.
{i�l t i i�t � i t �/�t m i �d
�{ W (~ * � � ( 4_��� W il ' I � 1 �I
�� I 1 I t � ! J . i � i i fl ( 1 �I W�
. .I I iF 1 t � I i � i i ti i I,r I ( � I �� J�
� -L �L'S L1__� � ___' I� -¢ �.
r - - -- -- �- -- LL
� � � „L- '-�--� --; -,�-------�-i� -4-' � ��
� ' � �,-,-�� � � � _`- � , o�
J � � � I I l i _ I I � y
___ i"I - � !-=Y
� _
F�,----�-� , ---- , �;,�-_�,�
m `-'-�---i; nno,a - i ,rt_i „ i
-- i i --- i °=:"
MO'1� ...� �r=� 1 4 h � z�i �_` � C1_ Ci 1 1
�, _.u,__JJ____-_r____r_ - _1� __.!1'J__J �..
W
a
oN
fNJ w
>' F z ¢ w". °. J �
m O > wa y0 a 3 0 �
w �¢ m � au'
z Jo .W q�� �� z 3 fHl '..
aw � > a
a °
- c�i o
a
f.0-.8) �
�
�� ��
� � � �Ci 9tLZL aH '3llIANO1N38 '133ii15 H10t 3S tDOZ
T
� .,, dIW1�I' �'Q�.L: '�NI `S321015 121bW-�dM � �a<��.$5� 0.
„ ., `�' '�"S
-�:=� '�o,�,rMp �o-tsaz# r�oisNVax3 HaiHn laeanvM
: � �
�����ge� lL � � � ;� �
���� e�� � r 3 � ��r, � �a� a
e �������g�� � � `�.� � -- ..,
,n�., U3�
E � ���'g `"n � tl°- �' �'Id
.���� ��9$ f� f! � J �� t1 6y I� +G�
� �� � a < � i'� .� � � 4
����a��� �� fl U ;.,�.. �.0 C�? � a �, ^i
< � h � x � � � �� � �n ,�. �� Q � ��
�� ,�,,, ,,/{ � � i' �� � X ¢ � ��'� � � �• ".
��;e� � tT' � ~ � �� 6'� � � t'3
�� �� �� a X � �p" � � � � �lt� �j� � '��, �
t —
Z������� ��� � y... �" �.. � � �'�' N �y � �„--; .�.- �.-ci .. D •
0
�I� �� �'�����8� � `�' u � �_� � ��� U�� �.A� �� �� �� �
61\I�It 1�� 1 B i � +{ ��� W�- � V
��s ; (�H � � C'6 °S ; �� t�v � � c� " � tr Ut' t�} :�� -� `�
� "� � � m�� �'-� U, C't3 �� �
, i i �' ,� c� : �
' ;��i i� e �� -� w �' �" ��� � u � r` � d `� ��� �
� ; r � � � e-! �s � °� �L c�' ���a �k� �} 3 3 ��` ��� �_
_` � sC u � a dl ___ _ .r. _ _. _. _ -----
'� --
� o .�_ --- , -- -. -� - — : _ _ _ -
_ � �- W c. a- - - - - _
_.
u �i +1'' ��,r; -; _ ---
� �} �" "'� t� c� - " -�,- __ _ _.�_'�'
� ti°- "'- -�:.
o .3 � ;, � a _ „�',
�"'.� S'� .ilA � �6 ;# 'e' : �..s--�s-�� � r
N �, ���. +' i�� /' ' ..�.I"— :_ ,� � i ; r .
� � � ,i , -,���
. fd r<< '„�;�.� : � :. � nt
�,.�`(' ([j . q �±�. ��' 4..`` �� . m+ac��,.e�� ��. „ j . u -,+...�
�y"•� d � tlt� i nN ���-_ _ ', �� .�A" � �
_ �V � I' w � . �^ ��: �4�/ �,�'�,�`k . . "- u��� 4* f� •
11 � � ��� I r j ��: : _ .. .�. - q�.? .-�"` � t .
• w �<� w' ;;� /j '"` ''ir�n,e�n,,m=J ,: z "� �' • , r'"
--� 11"�/ �' ,'?. ,% x,'' aasoaada - ..<� 'C.; "'' �
, � ' �� �__ :,.,,_.,_.. .�.. '` �r� , `� �� ,
e f� � � r... .. �.
' ` '
� �d d �;� �r . ,�^'�
� � � r
i�.� i �
.�Q �. � �� �i i �. l� j""�" � � `�1.�� �.�^-c. _ " t� � . .. .-' .
� s4' , 6�o u`
�,. � � , ; �j� ao aa °�a � ,�; '
�.e' � ,� '�' ° # „:% ; tr� � ; , _:
, ��� y
� 9 -Y. �r� i���: qt*- . � .y �ffi . . ; .y �.
...,� �.� i�' i3 t'� �'� � ��� � ���� � �� f� ', � , ' ,
fy� � �'�� .. ����LL j! 1
S � xa . 3
< : u — �
(,�t", O � �� �f'l� ���LL C7 �`�S '�.� d$ � J
�') � t�A. .�.a^ .,f r�".� 1 ro i., . � . . '�:� :.
.. - � � . . ���
� � ;s9
; �
_L". 9�J!' `�� � ,$ '���J� R t ��� ..
� ' , ... �.� � . 4
-+" .:/ . _ :�. � . .�'/ �.I
� .. ' �"4� � 1 � ''..r 'e ~ti. ~a�G ��-^�•�!b� '� �� .Q �
_ i _ +, .
;� '"' i "- , �, °' �
� i Q
� l� _���`,/� i� �.� t i ..--� d
i
� .���� �'� � � r f ' " �
.� `• , i :i llI � :
� �� i,�,�� , s ,� - 7 :o r � �1 Ct
� � 4� �� __ : _ °_ - ��� i �� {�{��.
. - '� �\• `0 ' _ ' _ � •�� B � 4. ��.
/« • l i �� �..- � O.� � ��
1 � � .`.�� . .\'� � '�'�. i t• ���- � .
_ . . . .
. . . ' �
, ; � �. � _ � . �r� .,- �
� ,, .
° � � µ �. �t,. :t, ; e,o � �
, . . ,
� �,, _ �- . . ; ,. ,� , ,
; `� ,�� , �
. . .
_._ . , .
.} _�_ _ �
�
- . �l �`� �
,
__ v ,,_, , .� . ,
, •
n .. . :,� _ __ _'_'__.___� ___* ��__J� ,.,� I
rc .__ "___ . ��� � B � �.. .�.
"t� -_�z___ _ � �c �:
.�.�„_,---•-- '_ '`" ' ..
,d.�..:.. ... .. - , ri
m. �� ..�* _ . � ..
� , . ..
. . ... - — ' _'-
.� ._ . ._� s.
_ �.. _
�.. __ : ,.. � -_, .. . , ..
� _._. .. . . . - � x
. 1 4 . ��. . . ' rs'.. I �.. a
F .
N _.. x�.... .-'
�� .f ' '' \ ---��� �J �P'� ..� S
_�. .. . ..: " . .
.. _ .. � ,_� . . ...v": � ^
��y i .,,-4�'-_-'y'.i•-l_.-_„u�.�;��' '•�..._.. ,_._�_... ....\ �.: � �.
^ . �'. .. a, +al��� ���d i .� ��E'�a� ...�` �. ' . � .
E � �
I i ^
�
1 i R
� � t m u c . w �. u� x. � �
€
�
t��'�C.:�1t'T°t�.-'C1� �' �-' � �
Gharley Stump
From: Anna Payne<annap3426@yahoo.com>
Sent: Monday, January 30, 2Q12 4:45 PM
To: Charley Stump
Subject: Walmart Expansion
Jan. 30th 2012
Charley Stump
I am writing this letter to state my feelings on the Walmart people wanting to expand their existing
store. '
I am all for them building on ta their store. It will provide a much needed service for the people of '
Ukiah and neighboring communities.
The city of Ukiah seems to have na problems building housing for the low income residents. Where
do they think these people shop? 1 am inclined to think they shop at Walmart. The parking lot proves
that. '
We shop at Walmart because of the affordable prices and also for the free parking. We can shop and '
hurry out to feed a meter.
I know it has come down to the traffic situation. People say it would cause accidents because of all
the traffic backing up onto 101, It is hard for me to think that everyone would decide to go shopping at
Walmart at the same time. Not when the store would be open 24 haurs a day.
Walmart has said they are willing to work with the planning commission concerning the traffic
problem, if there should be one.
We don't believe other stores will close because of Walmart adding on. That is is a worn aut
statement
If stores do close, it is because of poor management.
We have traveled around this country and I knaw that when traveling, we laok for a Super Walmart
because they have what we need and it saves time and money.
Please give the ga ahead to Walmart to enlarge their stare. This had gone on far to long.
Ukiah needs the jobs and the taxes.
Thank you, Dave and Anna Lee Payne
Ukiah
annap3426(cr��yahoo.com .
1
Charley Stump �- �° �-
From: Dianne Qurham<dedurham@gmail.com>
Sent: Friday, January 27, 2012 2:51 PM
To: Charley Stump
Subject: Fwd: Comment: Walmart Cuts Heaith Coverage
Hella Charley, please see my camments to the Planning Commission below. Thank youi '
----------Forwarded message ----------
From: Dianne Durham <dedurham cr,�mail.com>
Date: Fri, Jan 27, 2012 at l 1:05 AM
Subject: Walmart Cuts Back Health Coverage for Employees
To: kiordan(a�citvofukiah.cam
Hi Kim,
Please forward this important additional information on ta the Planning Commissioners:
A Walmart representative and current store manager addressed questions re employee benefits at
Wednesday's Planning Commission meeting (1/25/12). Unfortunately, there was no time far public camment
on this issue. The commissioners sounded totally unaware of a recent cutback in employee healthcare
benefits that Walmart has recently enacted, and so I quote below from a New York Times article published
Oct. 20, 2011:
Wal-Mart is substantially rolling back coverage for part-time workers and significantly raising premiums
for many full-time staff. Citing rising costs,Wa1-Mart,the nation's largest private employer, told its
employees this week that all future part-time employees who work less than 24 hours a week on average
will no longer qualify for any of the company's health insurance plans. In addition, any new employees
who average 24 hours to 33 hours a week will no longer be able to include a spouse as part of their health
care plan, although children can still be covered . . .the company would not say what percentage of its
work force was part time or worked fewer than 24 hours a week.
In Wal-Mart's 2012 health offerings, premiums will increase for some plans by more than 4o percent . .
. [M]any Wal-Mart employees complain that their low premiums are accompanied by high deductibles
that sometimes exceed 2o percent of their annual pay.
I implore the cammissioners ta obtain the facts about Walmart's employee benefits from objective sources, not
simply from Walmart representatives. You can find the entire article quoted above
at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/14/21/businesslwal-mart-cuts-some-health-care-
benefits.html?paqewanted=all
Sincerely,
Dianne Durham '
Ukiah '
�
i
Charley Stump �- ' �%'
From: Jennifer Faso
Sent: Monday, January 30, 2012 8:03 AM
Ta: Charley Stump
Subject: FW: Walmart and County-Wide Poverty
Attachments: Wai-Mart and County-Wide Poverty.pdf
See below—not sure if you got this also.
Jennifer Faso
Associate Planner
City of Ukiah
Planning and Community Development Department
300 Seminary Avenue, Ukiah, CA 95482
(707)463-6206 (707)463-6204 fax '
Email ifaso(a�cityofukiah.com '
website www.cityofukiah.com
*�*NEW BUSINESS HQURS.• As a cost saving measure City of Ukiah offices will be ctosed every Friday during
FY2011-2012.'�**
From: Ron Epstein [mailto:dharmapeace@att.netl '
Sent: Saturday,January 28, 2012 5:56 PM
To: Kim�ordan
Cc: Jennifer Faso
Subject: Walmart and County-Wide Poverty
Ms. Jordan, '
Please forward this research article to the members of the planning commission. '
Ron Epstein
i '
G- ' "7�
Wal-Mart and County-Wide Pove *
Stephan J. Goetz, The Pennsylv�tni�z State University
Hema Swaminathan, Interndtzon�zl Center for Reseczrch on IYlomen
Qbjectives. This study seeks to identify the independent effect of Wal-Mart stores on
changes in U.S. family-poverry rates at the counry 1eve1. We draw on the contri-
butions of a number of disciplines to enhance our understanding of the broader forces
that influence poverty. Methods. A key innovation is that we estimate a two-stage
regression model, in which an instrument is created for new Wal-Mart stores from a
loeation equation; this reduces any potential endogeneiry bias in the poverry-change
equatian. In addition, we use spatial econometric methods to correct for spatial de- '
pendence bias. Results. After controlling for other factors determining changes in the
poverty rate over time, we find that counties with more initial (1987) Wal-Mart stores
and counties with more additions of stores between 1987 and 1998 experienced greater
increases (or smaller decreases) in family-poverty rates during the 1990s economic '
boom period. Conclusions. Wa1-Mart creates both benefits and costs to communities
in which the chain locates. These benefits and costs need to be weighed carefu�ly by '
communiry decisionmakers in deciding whether to provide public subsidies to the chain. ',
Local leaders and academic researchers are increasingly interested in the '
communiry-level effects of "big box" retailers and discount departrnent
stores. Wal-Mart, in particular, has received considerable and mostly neg-
ative public media and congressional attention, in addition to spawning a
number of hostile websites.r The interest in Wa1-Mart is not surprising as it
*Direct correspondence to Stephan J. Goerz, Department of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociolo , 7E Armsby Bldg., The Pennsylvania State Universiry, Universiry Park, PA
16802-5602 �goetzC�psu.edu�. The research underlying this article was supported in part
by USDA/CSREES-National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program 2003-35401-
12936. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the American Agricultural Economics
Association Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, August 1-3, 2004 and at the Rural Soci-
ological Sociery Annual Meeting in Sacramento, California,August 12-15, 2004. The authors
thank session participants and Martin Shields far their comments. Opinions expressed are those
of the authors, and their affiliation appears for informational purposes only. Goetz wi11 supply '
data and coding information used in this wark for those wishing to xeplicate the study. !
lA prominent example is (www.walmartwatch.com�; bumper stickers include"SprawlMart
sucks the life out of downtown businesses." Other negative coverage includes a recent report
that the chain was fined $3.1 million by the EPA for violating for the second time the Clean
Water Act by failing to control runoff from its construction sites (Shct Lake Tribune online,
May l3, 2004). Anecdotal evidence suggests that Wal-Mart stores increase crime rates or at ',
least the cost of dealing with crime (see"Crime Linked to Wal-Mart Overwhelms Small-Town
Police,"Dazly News,Huntingdon, PA,May 25,2004,p.7),and a recent report by the advocary '
group Good Jobs First suggests that the chain benefits from substantial public subsidies '
(Mattera and Purinton, 2004). See Miller (2004) far the congressional report. '
SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY, Volume 87, Number 2, June 2006
�2006 Southwestern Social Science Association
G'"�-"°'�
212 Social Science Quarterly
has no equal among big box retailers. With total revenues of$256 billion in
20Q3, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is the largest corparation in the world. The
chain employs 1.3 million workers wor�dwide and operates 4,750 stores
(3>600 in the United States). Because of its size, purchasing power, and
technological sophistication, the chain is revolutionizing not only the in-
dustrial organization of local retail trade, but also the entire wholesale,
transpartation, and logistics sector. �3usinesstYjeek recently described the ,
"Wal-Mart effect" in a cover story,2 referring to the corporation's cost
efficiency that has contributed to economy-wide productiviry gains and
reduced the annual rate of inflation by about one percentage point. On the
other hand, Wal-Mart has been blamed for the loss of U.S. manufacturing
jobs and the demise of mom-and-pop-type retailers.
This study examines the impact of Wa1-Mart stores on counry-level fam- '
ily-poverry rates in the United States. The analysis is relevant to local pol- ,
icymakers as they debate the pros and cons of ha�ing Wal-Mart and other '
"big box" retailers locate in their communities. The attraction of such
retailers has been viewed as a strategy for stimulating local economic growth
(e.g., Ketchum and Hughes, 1997). However, retail stores have a much '
sma�ler net economic impact on local econamies than da manufacturing
firms, for example. In particular, retail stores are usually part of what econ-
omists call the nonbasic sector, which exists solely to serve the so-called basic '
sector. The basic sector commonly includes agriculture, mining, and man- I
ufacturing, and it is responsible for exporting goads and services that bring '
"new money" into a community. As this new money is spent and respent in
the community, economic growth occurs. Although important (because it
supports the basic sector), the nonbasic sector daes not play this rale of
bringing in new money and it therefore makes a much smaller contribution '
to 1oca1 economic growth over time than does the basic sector. '
Wal-Mart and Poverty
There are a number of possible reasons why the presence of a Wal-Mart
store may exert an independent effect on poverry rates in a community, that !
is, exert a residual effect after other determinants of paverry have been taken
into account. The first and perhaps most direct effect is the demise of '
existing mom-and-pop-rype operations that is caused by the arrival of Wal- '
Mart in a communiry. We hypothesize that this in turn may have a number
of consequences. '
Poverry rates will rise if retail workers displaced from existing mom-and-
pop-type operations work for Wal-Mart at lower wages because they have no
alternatives (this assertion has been contested in the literature), all else equal.
Although Wal-Mart is estimated to employ no more than 2 percent of the
2See the C�ctober �, 2003 issue.
G--_' �Fj
LY�aI-M�rt and County-LY�ide Poverty 213
average counry's workforce, there is at least anecdotal evidence that the
arrival of the chain also forces other local retailers to reduce wages in order ta
remain competitive. A1so, the share of Wal-Mart's employment in total
caunty retail jobs is substantially greater than only 2 percent. In add'rtion,
the Wal-Mart jobs may be part time as opposed ta fUll time, leading to
lower family incomes, all else equaL
A perhaps more profound effect, and one that has not been discussed in
the literature, is that the demise of mom-and-pop stores leads to the closing
of local businesses that previously supplied those stores: wholesalers, trans-
parters, logistics providers, accountants, lawyers, and others. Many of these
are higher-paying jobs. Wal-Mart handles a11 or most of these service funo-
tions through its headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, providing tremen- ,
dous labor-saving scale economies. This consolidation and rationalization of
the local retail supply chain potentially devastates Iocal �abor markets in
smaller communities. As a reviewer pointed out, it is unlikely that the
incomes of lawyers, bankers, and accountants wha provided services to the
local stores fall below the poverry line after the chain store's arrival. How-
ever, it is likely that these more highly-educated individuals depart from the
rural community in pursuit of better opportunities elsewhere, contributing '
to the rural-to-urban exodus over the last decade, leaving behind those with '
fewer apportunities and raising the poverry rate by reducing the number of
nonpoor households in the denominator.
It may not be desirable or even possible to stop these trends, but it is
important to be aware of and understand them. In the future, with the
introductian of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, Wal-Mart is
poised to become even more efficient in deploying workers in the stores !
themselves.3 A reduced demand for workers in specific communities trans-
lates into lower wages (with minimum wages serving as a floor) if the supply
of workers remains constant.
Even though Wal-Mart presents itself as a "good local citizen" and en-
gaged in local philanthropy through the Sam Walton Foundation in the ;
amaunt of$106.9 million in 2003 alone,4 this rype of philanthropy may not , '
be as extensive or effective as that which the displaced mom-and-pop-rype
stores would have provided. A perhaps more subtle effect may be that by
destroying the local class of entrepreneurs, the Wal-Mart chain also destroys '
local leadership capaciry. Rural sociologists and others have pointed to this '
as one outcome of the increasing concentration of nonlocal bank ownership
and the resulting branch plant economy that is believed to have destroyed '
the pool of local leadership talent.
3For example,with this technology a single worker can potentially keep track of 10 check-
out lines because a cart containing purchases can be scanned in a matter of seconds without
items even being rernoved from the shopping cart.
4See (http://www.wffhome.com/Grant%20Awards.htm�, accessed May 8, 2004. This
amount represents abaut one-tenth of 1 percent of the estimated wealth of the Wa1-Mart
heirs.
Z- 7
214 Social Science Quarterly
The destruction of sma11, locally owned businesses may also reduce social
capital levels, as argued, for example, by Cornell Universiry's T. Lyson
(Personal Communication, 2002). Social capital, or civic capacity, is an
essential ingredient for economic growth to occur, according to Harvard
Universiry's Robert Putnam and, rnore recently, Skinner and Staiger (2005),
who show that this variable is even more important than certain economic
factors in explaining why some regions lag behind others. This elimination
of local leaders as a key graup of entrepreneurs may be the single-most
important and far-reaching impact of Wal-Mart Corp.
In summary, detractors have consistently argued that because Wal-Mart
jobs are low paying, and the hours worked are often less than 40 per week,
these jobs do not help families transition out of poverry. BusinessWeek re-
ports that the average wage for an "associate" in 2001 was $8.23 per haur,
for an annual income of$13,861, which was below the federal poverry line '
for a family of three at that time. Although individual workers have the '
option of working or not working for Wal-Mart, a public policy issue arises '
if the chain creates externalities that raise poverry 1evels in the communiry. '
In that case, both the demand for and eligibility to participate in welfare
programs increase, leading not only ta new claims an t� dollars but also a
dis-utiliry for those who are concerned about paor people living in their
communiry. The Wal-Mart phenomenon is such that the chain seeks to
minimize its workers' pay, while the rents captured by the Walton heirs
place them among the 10 wealthiest Americans.s I
Two important issues arise here. First, even if Wal-Mart raises poverry
rates, it also lowers prices to consumers (at least in the short run), thereby in
effect lowering the real poverry threshold. It should be noted, however, that '
the poverry rate is inflation adjusted, so this beneficial effect of the chain is '
already reflected in the poverry rate measured at any paint in time. If the
winners can compensate the losers, then the presence of a Wal-Mart store is
still Pareto aptimal. We are not able to address this question in the present
study. Second, the increased cost to t�payers resulting from the increased
eligibiliry for welfare payments (caused by Wal-Mart) need to be added to
any other subsidies that the chain may receive in exchange for opening !
a store, such as infrastructure improvements. These subsidies are dollar-for- '
dollar transfers to the corporation's bottom line.
SAs reported in Forbes magazine (20Q3 Special Issue on the 400 Richest People in Amer-
ica),widow Helen R.Walton and heirs S.Robson,John T.,Jim C.,and Alice L.Walton each '
had a wealth of$20.5 billion in 2003. Alternatively, at a combined total of$1025 billion,
the Walton wealth is twice that controlled by Microsoft Chairman William H. Gates. Only
three individuals had greater wealth in 2003: William H. Gates with $46 billion, Warren
Buffett with $36 billion, and Paul A11en (also of Microsoft), $22 billion.As a comparison to
the annual earnings of an associate worker of appro�mately$14,000,assuming a conservative '
annual rate of return on the Wal-Mart wealth of 1 percent in 2003, each of the five heirs
would have earned an income of$205 m°rllion in 2003. '
� ��
I-UaI-M�t�t and County-Wide Poverty 215
The Impact of Wal-Mart: Previous Literature
Popular press articles on Wal-Mart focus on the eompany's nonunioni-
zation palicy and the provision of part-time jobs with low wages and
few benefits, along with impacts on the environment, congestion, and crime
rate (see footnote 1). In the academic literature, considerable attention has
also been paid to retail restructuring caused by the chain (e.g., Artz and
McConnon, 2001; Stone, 1997; Franklin, 2001; Huang et al., 2002), usually
focusing on loss of retail employment, decreases in the number of establish-
ments, and decline of downtown shopping areas. However, with some excep- ,
tions (e.g., Vias, in press), these articles are based on case studies for specific '
states or on anecdotal evidence. There are no academic studies that examine
the impact of Wal-Mart on counry-wide family-poverry rates, or contempo-
raneous changes in those rates aver time. Likewise, we were unable to locate
any econometric study of Wal-Mart's location strategy at the 1eve1 of all U.S.
counties (Graff, 1998 describes �al-Mart Supercenter locations relative to
locations of distribution centers and counry populations). '
Basker's path-breaking study examines the effect of Wal-Mart expansions
on retail employment in 1,749 counties over a 23-year period and concludes '
(2002:19) "that Wal-Mart entry has a small positive effect on retail employ-
ment at the counry level while reducing the number of small retail estab- '
lishments in the counry." Basker also finds small reductions in wholesale '
employment and no effeet in those sectors in which the chain does not se11
goods or services (specifically, restaurants and motor vehicle sales and services).
On balance, she concludes that a decade after a Wal-Mart store's entry into a
communiry (2002:17), "the estimated effect on total [counry] employment
. . . is statistically zero." Basker's work has two potential shorteomings, how- '
ever: the use of a limited set of counties (truncated at ernployment levels above '
1,500 in 1964, which may have eliminated some of the most interesting '
counties), and the choice only of employment as an impact measure (albeit an '
important one). Given the data with which she was working, Basker also was !
unable ta distinguish between full- and part-time employment. '
Hicks and Wilburn (2001) evaluate the effect of Wal-Mart stores on the
retail trade sector in both the counry in which the store is located and in
adjacent counties in southern West Virginia using spatial analysis. They ',
control for potential reverse causation (endogeneiry) between population '
growth and entrance of Wal-Mart, but this raises the question of whether
population growth is even a factor in Wal-Mart's location strategy (see also
Franklin, 2001). Hicks and Wilburn cite the wark of Vance and Scott
(1992), who argued that the costs of a Wal-Mart were not as high as the
benefits. Hicks and Wilburn conclude (20Q1:312) that there "is clearly a net '
benefit to employment and wages in having a Wa1-Mart locate in a counry." '
Furthermore, they note (2001:313) that "the criticisms leveled against Wal-
Mart are a familiar refrain . . . [and that] local monopolies may have a great
deal to lose from entrance by firms that enjoy, and exploit, economies of
�v-— �
216 Social Science Quarterly
scale." As already noted, these conclusions are based on results from a
specific region in a single state.
Ketchum and Hughes (1997) studied Wa1-Mart's effects on employment
and wages in Maine and failed to find support for the claim made by Wal-
Mart's opponents that the entry of the firm harms local economic growth
because of a negative effect on wages, employment levels, or the number of
retail establishments. In their subsequent study of 19 communities in Maine '
that received a Wal-Mart between 1992 and 1995, Artz and McConnon
(2001:24) find that the introduction of a Wal-Mart store leads to "significant
changes in retail market structure" both in the town hosting the store and in
adjacent communities. In his study of rural Iowa counties, Stone (1997) con-
cludes that no single recent phenomenon has had a larger adverse impact on
rural Iowa communities than mass discounr merchandisers (i.e.,Wal-Mart).As
nated, all these studies are limited in that they focus on data frorn only a few '
counties or individual states. None focuses on counry-wide poverty rates.
Estimatian Strategy, Hypotheses, and Data
Our estimation strategy is simple and yet provides a relatively powerful '
test of the independent effect of Wal-Mart on changes in poverry rates in a '
communiry. The strategy is also innavative in that we correct for likely
simultaneity (reverse causation) in the phenomenon of which we are trying
to measure the impact—that is, the new Wal-Mart stores—using a common
two-stage procedure that is based on instrumental variables (IV) estimation.
In ather words, it could be that Wal-Mart locates in communities that are
poar because poverry is a widely claimed characteristic of their shoppers, or
the communities are poor because Wal-Mart is located in them.
As described in more detail below, we get around the statistical problem
by following the standard procedure of first modeling Wal-Mart store lo-
cations econometrically and then using predicted values of these locations in
the second-stage (primary) regression. In the second-stage regression, we add '
the following two treatment effects to an equation adapted from Levernier,
Patridge, and Rickman (2000) that explains spatial variation in poverry
rates: the initial number of Wal-Mart stores, at the beginning of the period
over which the change in the poverty rate is measured, and the instrumented '
variable reflecting the change in Wa1-Mart stores over the decade of interest, '
which is by construction purged of any simultaneity bias. '
This sets a fairly high standard of statistical evidence for establishing any
effect of Wa1-Mart on poverry: we control for initial pover'ry rates as well as
other known determinants of poverry, and examine the ceteris paribus or '
independent treatment effect of adding Wa1-Mart stores on the chrznge in the
poverry rate over the subsequent period. Of equal importance, using the
change in, rather than the level of, the poverry rate reduces the effect of
spatia� cost-of-�iving differences on the change in actual or real poverry '
�--- JQ
tiUal-Mart and County-Wide Poverty 217
experienced over the period of analysis (so long as one can assume that the
relative differences in costs among places did not vary materially over time).
Furthermore, we control for the presence of Wal-Mart stores at the be-
ginning of the period over which change in poverty is calculated, allowing us
to examine the effect both of initir�l stores and of additions of Wal-Mart
stores on the change in poverty. Our study also represents a more com-
prehensive test of the chain's effect in that we do nat merely compare
employment and wages in specific retail sectors before and after Wal-Mart
enters a community, but rather the communiry-wide effect af such an entry
(if any). Our choice of the period 1989-1999 (conditioned by data avail-
abiliry) to measure poverry coincides with the booming "New Economy"
decade of the 199Qs, during which average counry-level family-poverry rates
nationwide fe11 from 13.1 to 10.7 percent (U.S. Census Bureau).
U.S. counties are the unit of analysis and the data are obtained from ',
a variery of secondary sources. The use of counry-level data is an increas- j
ingly common approach to understanding spatial social and economic
processes; for a recent example, see Hooks et aL (2004). The present research
also draws heavily on the work of Rupasingha and Gaetz (2003) and
Jensen, Goetz, and Swaminathan (in press), who analyze the structural de-
terminants af poverty in the United States, including local social capital and
political influence.
As noted above, since the locatian of Wa1-Mart stores is likely to be
nonrandom or systematic, that is, Wal-Mart location decisions are based on '
identifiable counry characteristics, we account for potential reverse causation '
or simultaneity in the location decision using instrumental variables esti- j
mation. To do this, we first have to specify a madel that "explains" how
Wal-Mart chooses sites for its stores, and we draw on the establishment
location literature to specify this equat'ron. Kilkenny and Thisse (1999) '
contains a survey of location decisions in the retail sector, while earlier work
on retailers includes Craig, Ghosh, and McLafferry (1984) and Vandell and ',
Carter (1993). More recently, Shields and Kures (in press) develop a profit-
maYimizing spatially-referenced model of retail store locations.
We also use spatial econometric methods to test for the effects of spatial
clustering. This allows us to examine spatial spillovers across county borders
that are nat already captured in the pull factor, which measures per-capita
retail spending in a counry relative to the national average. Counties with '
higher pull factors, also known as retail hubs, tend to attract shoppers from '
surrounding counties, while counties with lower pu11 factors lose such
shoppers. The spatial econometric methods remove any remaining statistical
noise or bias in the results that could arise from the fact that a Wal-Mart
stare can have an effect on neighboring counties beyond the pu11 factor. This
is accomplished by means of a so-called spatial-weights matrix, which ex-
plicitly captures the contiguiry relationship among ar distance between every
single county. Conceptually, with U.S. counry-level data, this is a matrix '
consisting of over 3,t�OD rows by more than 3,000 columns.
�- 1 �
218 S�ocial Science Quarterly
The follawing model is estimated recursively. We start with the Wal-Mart
store location equation that is used to obtain the instrumental variable estimate.
dWMo+t = f i(�o�POVo,WMo) ��) �
We then include this instrumental variable estimate in the second-stage
equation, which represents the change in the poverry rate over the decade.
OPOVo+t = fa(`P�oa POVo,WMo,�IX�Mo+t) ��)
Here, �'UN10 is the number of Wa1-Mart stores in 19$7, OWMo+t the net
change in stores between 1987 and 1998,� OLtUMo+t is the change predicted
(instrumented) from Equation (1), SZo contains variables influencing the Wal-
Mart location decision, POVo is the beginning of period (1989) poverty rate,
�POVo+t the change in the poverty rate over the decade, and`IJO incorporates
variables affecting the change in the poverry rate over the decade.
In terms of the variables included in S2o in the store location Equation (1),
we hypothesize that Wal-Mart locates its stores in counties with a high retail
pull factor, interstate highway access, more female-headed households and
female labor force participation (ta have a larger pool of workers), longer
commuting tirnes to work (which increase the opportuniry cost of tirne spent
shopping), more purchasing power as reflected in earnings and educational
attainment, and that it avoids cornmunities with e�sting Wal-Mart stores. By '
including the initial poverry rate, we also are able to test empirically whether
Wal-Mart is drawn into communities with higher poverty rates. !
In addition, we hypothesize that communities with higher levels of social '
capital, greater political competition, and more self-employed workers are
better able to organize to prevent Wal-Mart stores from locating in their
communities. Wal-Mart avoids counties with higher population density (at
least until recently) in part because of higher land costs in these counties,
and while the chain has traditionally located in rural communities, it also
avoids sparsely populated, more remote places. We include state fixed effects ,
to, among other factors, capture differences in state policy and population '
growth rates that may affect Wal-Mart's location strategy. Finally, this '
equation is formulated as a Tobit model because the dependent variable is
for practical purposes censored at zero.� Ignoring this fact would create a
downward bias in the coefficient estimates, and their effects would be un-
derstated (this is also known as attenuation of the slope). '
For the specification of regressors in the change-in-poverty equation (�o), ',
we draw on Levernier, Patridge, and TZickman (2000) and on Rupasingha
and Goetz (2003), who model poverry as a function of individual-level
characteristics, economie factors, social capital variables, and political factors.
We use six variables that have not been used previously in analyses of poverry
�The beginning year was chosen to coincide with the U.S. Economic Census of 1987 and
to precede the year 1989 for the poverry measure, while 1998 was chosen to be as close as
possible to and yet precede the 1999 poverry measure.
7About 1 percent of counties (31) had a smaller number of stores in 1998 than in 1987. '
2-- 1 Z-
IX�dI-ll�l�zrt and County-tX�ide Poverty 219
rates. The first is political competition, which is measured as the degree to
which the county voted for one presidential candidate over another in 1992,
relative to the nation (Levitt and Poterba, 1999). The argument here is that
the more closely the county voting behavior follows the nation's, the greater
the competition among 1oca1 political parties and the stronger is the pressure
on elected leaders to reduce poverry.$
The second variable is a counry-level social capital index created by ,
Rupasingha, Goetz, and Freshwater (in press). This variable captures the
densiry of local associations that are conducive to forming social capital (such
as civic and social organizations), voter participation rates, participatian
in the national (1990) Census, and the density of nonprofit organizations in
the counry. Counties with higher stocks of social capital are expected to be
in stronger positions to reduce poverry rates over time. A third new variable is
the counry's self-employment rate, measured as the share of self-employed
workers in total employrnent. We hypothesize that in counties in which
workers show greater initiative—by working for themselves—the capaciry to
reduce poverry rates over time is greater than in counties where workers tend '
to work primarily for others through wage-and-salary employment.
The fourth variable is the (gross) loss of jobs due to the North American
Free Trade Agreemenr (NAFTA), as certified by the U.S. Department of
Labor starting in 1994. Although there are problems with the certification
process for Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), including this variable al-
lows us to gauge at least in a preliminary manner the local irnpacts of the
federal policy underlying this important international trade agreement. We
measure these job losses as a percent of total existing employment in the
counry, and hypothesize that greater relative job losses weakened the abiliry
of counties to reduce poverty rates over the decade. The fifth variable is an
ethnic diversity index based on Alesina, Baqir, and Easterly (1999}. This '
variable captures the odds that two individuals drawn randomly from a '
counry's population are from different ethnic groups. A higher value implies
greater ethnic fractionalization and less agreement on public policies (A1e- I
sina and Rodrick, 1996) that could lead to poverry alleviation.
Finally, we examine the ratio of so-called maintenance to total expen-
ditures in each county's budget. Rauch (1995) separates public spending '
into longer-terrn investments, such as education, roads, and bridges, and
shorter-term expenditures on projects that represent consumption rather '
than investment, such as greater relative expenditures an motor vehicle pools
or public parks and flower gardens. He argues that a higher ratio of this
variable means that elected local leaders who are making the counry spend- i
ing decisions are more interested in short-term political gains (patronage)
than in longer-term economic growth that would reduce poverry.
8A reviewer pointed out that this is a resurrection of the o1d argument by political scientist
V. O. Key. The concept of political competition is now being used by both sociologists and
economists as a potential factor influencrng economic growth and poverty.
�� � �
22Q Social Science Quarterly
We add to this poverry-change equation the beginning period number of
Wal-Mart stores (WMo) as well as the change in the number of stores
�D�Mo+c) over time, instrumented using Equation (1). We also control for
state fixed effects in this equation. Because poverty tends to occur in clusters
at the counry level, we also test for spatial dependence bias.
Wal-Mart store location information for 1987 and 1998 is obtained from
the Directory of Chazn Stares and from the Wal-Mart edition of the Rr�nd
McNally Atlas. The dependent variable is extracted from the 2000 U.S. '
Census Summary File 3 data sets. The county-level variables describing
structural forces, political involvement, and measures of social capital are
compiled from a variety of secondary data sources and described in mare
detail in Rupasingha, Goetz, and Freshwater (in press) or Rupasingha and
Goetz (2Q03).
Results: Discussion '
Summary statistics for the regressors are reported in the Append�. Table 1
provides regression coefficients for determinants of net new Wal-Mart store
locations between 1987 and 1998. The retail pu11 factor, e�sting Wal-Mart
stores (WMo), adults with a college degree, socia� capital stocks, self-employ-
ment, interstate highway access, commuting time, and earnings power each
have the expected signs and are statistically significant at below the 1 percent I
level. The effect af population density is negative, al1 else equal and as expected. ''
In terms of state fixed effects, the following states had more new Wal-
Mart stores (relative to Wyoming): Arizona, California, Florida, Indiana, '
Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesata, New Hampshire, North '
Caralina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, West Virginia, and Wiscon-
sin. Especially noteworthy is the absence of Nevada from this list, despite the
fact that no state experienced more rapid population growth in relative terms
over the period studied. In contrast, Pennsylvania is one of the slowest-
growing states in the nation, and yet it attracted a number of stores. From '
this we conclude that rapid population growth may nat be a prerequisite for
the Wa1-Mart Carporation to locate new stores.
We next turn to our equation of primary interest, the change in the '
poverry rate.� Holding constant the initial (1989) poverty rate, the results ',
show that counties with more Wa1-Mart stores (in 1987) had a higher '
poverry rate in 1999 (or a smaller reduction in the rate) than did counties
with fewer or na Wal-Mart stores in 1987. Equally important, counties in
�The mean of the dependent variable is negative(average poverry rates dropped nationwide
during the 1990s); therefore, a positive coefficient estimate ln Table 1 indicates that a higher
value of the exogenous variable (regressor) caused a smalCer reduction than average in the
poverty rate (the variable essentially contributed to a higher ending period poverty rate), '
while a negative coefficient estimate implies that the independent variable contributed to '
greater reductions in poverry. '
�.-- � �
Wizl-Mr�rt and County-Wzde Poverty 221
TABLE 1
Wal-Mart Tobit Store Location and SEM Poverty Equations
Variable Coeif. t Statistic Coeff. t Statistic
Constant -1.094 -3.90*** 13.536 14.0***
Family-poverty rate, 1989 -0.009 -2.19** --0.518 -34.2***
Initial stores, 1987 -0.036 -3.46*** 0.099 2.14**
New stores(predicted) 0.204 2.36**
Interstate highway 0.055 2.60***
Retail market area pull factor 0.288 7.24***
Earnings/job 0.027 3.21***
Property ta>c per capita -0.006 -1.08
Population densiry x 1,000 -0.020 -3.05***
(per square mile)
Average commuting time to work 0.016 4.49***
(minutes)
Households with more than -0.019 -5.18***
3 vehicles
Female-headed households 0.006 1.48
Female labor force participation rate 0.005 2.03** -0.067 -622***
High school plus, no college 0.006 2.17** -0.097 -10.2***
College graduate 0.010 4.33*** -0.027 -2.00**
Self-employment rates -0.015 -4.94*** -0.044 -4.85***
Employment growth -0.074 -0.11
Employment rate -0.088 -4.46***
Industrial churning 0.032 2.35**
Agriculture-sector employment 0.016 1.64
Goods employment -0.014 -1.76*
Transportation employment -0.019 -0.99 ,
Wholesalelretail employment -0.014 -0.98
Finance, insurance, real -0.047 -1.51 '
estate employment
Service-sector employment 0.018 1.53 '
Job losses to NAFTA 0.082 3.18*** '
Population 0-17 years of age 0.130 6.49*** ',
Population 18-24 years of age -0.013 -0.74 '
Population 65 years of -0.025 -1.20 '
age and above
Nonblack minority 0.022 2.99*** ,
Stayers(predicted nonmigrants) 3.920 3.04*** '
Foreign-born population -0.011 -0.65
Ethnic index 3.306 8.45***
Income inequality 1.496 4.19***
Federal grants/capita 0.0002 2.28**
Rauch measure -0.0004 -0.07
Political competition -0.0001 -0.03 0.019 3.03***
Social capital index -0.032 -2.40** -0.187 -4.13***
NONMET4 -Q.170 -4.20*** 0.426 2.32**
NONM�I"5 -0.099 -2.15** 0.701 3.33***
NONME-f6 -0.177 -5.62*** 0.135 1.01
NONMET7 -0.156 -4.30*** 0.514 3.43***
NONMET8 -0.537 -7.13*** 0.170 0.96
NONMET9 -0.513 -8.41*** 0.580 3.15***
Lambda(spatial parameter) 0.404 55.3***
*Significant at the 10% IeveL '
**Significant at the 5% IeveL
***Significant at the 1% or lower IeveL
(voTE: SEM refers to the spatial errcr modeL
.---
2-�- 1 �
222 Social Science Quarterly
which new Wal-Mart stores were built between 1987 and 1998 also ex-
perienced higher poverry rates, ceteris paribus. The marginal effect of an-
other Wal-Mart store on the average poverry rate was 0.204, while that of
each existing store was 0.099 percentage points.
These results have potentially profound implications for public policy
related to big box operations. In particular, the chain is not the engine of
local economic growth that the company's spokespersons and public rela-
tions materials suggest. It is of no small consequence that, after controlling
for other determinants of changes in poverry rates, residual variation remains
in the dependent variable that can be accounted for by the presence of Wa1- '
Mart stores, and this at a statistically significant level.
To test the robustness of this finding, we estimated a supplementary
equation with changes in food stamp payments per capita (utilization) over
the corresponding decade as the dependent variable, and initial food stamp
usage in 1989 as an additional regressor.10 Our resu�ts for the reestirnated '
equatian are as follows. First, the predicted change or growth in Wa1-Mart '
stores over the decade has a statistically significant, positive effect on changes
in food starnp payments per capita over the decade; at 4.14, the t statistic is
higher than that in the current equation. Second, the effect of initial (1987) '
Wal-Mart stores on changes in food stamps per capita is not statistically
different from zero. We suspect that this is due to tl�e inclusion in the
equation not only of initial Wal-Mart stores and the initial poverry rate
(1989) but also the initial level of food stamp payments per capita in 1989. '
More specifically, multicollineariry may make it impossible for the initial !
Wal-Mart stores to exert an effect that is independent from that of initial '
food stamp payments per capita. Thus, our results provide clear evidence I
that the spread of Wal-Mart stores during the 1990s was associated with '
higher usage of food stamps per capita, or with smaller reductions in this
variable, holding other factors constant, including whether a Wal-Mart store
was present at the beginning of the decade.
The public costs that the chain imposes by raising the poverty rate suggest '
that public infrastructure subsidies may not be warranted or, as a minimum, '
that these two rypes of costs need to be added together to assess the overall '
cost of the chain to a communiry. The question remains for future research '
of how these effects on poverry operate through ane or a11 of the six factors
identified above. Our analysis does not allow us to determine the relative
importance of these factors in explaining the results. Even so, we believe that '
both in terms of substance and policy relevance, a focus in future work on '
the effect of big boxes an local social capital and civic capaciry has the
potential to generate the largest payoffs.
The other eoefficients in Equation (2} generally had the signs expected ;
based on earlier studies. In terms of the measures that have not been used
previously in poverry studies, more job losses due to NAFTA, greater ethnic
iOWe thank a reviewer for suggesting this additional test ,
Z-- ) (,o
Wal-M�trt�nd County-Wide Poverty 223
diversity, less political competition, smaller self-employment rates, and
lower levels of social capital each were associated with smaller reductions in
poverry rates over the decade, as hypothesized (the coefficient estimate for
the Rauch measure did not differ statist'rcally from zero).
Finally, we discuss shortcomings of our work as suggestions for areas of
improvement in future endeavors. As noted by a reviewer, our study involves
only two points in time (although our data represent events and processes that
occurred over an entire deeade); we do not measure the size of the Wal-Mart
store (e.g., there are differences between Supercenters and regular stores); and
we are forced to cancentrate on only a single chain—Wa1-Mart rather than
examining the effects of all big boxes. To the extent that Wal-Mart is the ',
industry pacesetter, however, this appears to be reasonable. As noted above, '
and this is one innovation of aur work, we do control for the effect of stores
on neighboring counties using spatial econometric methods.
Summary and Conclusion
After carefully and eomprehensively accounting for other local determi- '
nants of changes in poverry, we find that the presence of Wal-Mart was
unequivocally associated with smaller reductions in family-poverry rates in
U.S. counties during the 1990s relative to places that had no stores. This was '
true not only in terms of existing stores in a county in 1987, but also an '
independent outcome of new stores built between 1987 and 1998. The '
question of whether the cost of relatively higher poverry in a counry is offset
by the benefits of lower prices and wider choices available to consumers
associated with a Wal-Mart store cannot be answered here. '
However, if Wal-Mart does contribute to a higher poverty rate, then it is
not bearing the full economic and social costs of its business practices. In-
stead, Wal-Mart transfers income from the working poor and from t�payers,
though welfare programs directed at the poor, to stockholders and the heirs of
the Wal-Mart fortune, as well as to consumers. These transfers are in addition
to the public infrastructure subsidies often provided by local communities.
Regardless of the distributional effects, the empirical evidence shows that the '
Wal-Mart business model extracts cumulative rents that exceed thase earned '
by owners of other corporations, including Microsoft and Home Depot:
In conclusion, the costs to communities in terms of labor displacement '
and higher poverty need to be weighed against the benefits of lower prices '
and greater shopping convenience. Similarly, once local businesses have been
driven out, the possibiliry of monopolies or oligopolies emerging in retailing
(both on the input and the output side} needs to be considered carefully by '
public policymakers.11
1�One dimension of this is the vast amount of information held by Wal-Mart on consumer '
purchasing decisions. According to some estimates, the amount of information stored on
Wa1-Mart computers is twice that available on the entire World Wide Web.
� - � . A#�act��enf # � /�
mr
� o
rn N
o �
_...;:..':.. . N .�
� � �
. ', �P.:Y � k . Q � .....
� U
� " i � � W 0
C '� � � I �
i
� i I f �
� f I
�L I i
a � �
m
�
_ ,
� ,
� �
�n � � I
o I I
J J I J J J fA J � �.
� I �
� ' a w, � ' N I � �.
, i ��a o � ._,_ a� c �
��fl o m � a c Y � �i��10- 'ca.'y-c °1 " ° o.I
o��`amc o � oyoiy� rn�'" � ° n. 'N
c o � 'a c m- e_ o � a c rn
aU,� o� N 'p tA �p �� c�a=`ocu�i c � m a> c
� �w C N � � �� C O L' � O.+=.' � G C V,•L„ U�L "r fl-� �...
W y o•°-� m v�i E�� � °'o rn�:=o,.� f6 >,_°d� �-° a
� $• c o o no a�,a m >,�
_ �'°' � `° m o,n�� c io• � ,v_ ��•- > ar
� �E� � mm � t- y� co0.rn� T� � � oo� a� ��T
� y ��F' _ �oe= � c+c � o
W I �-Ecmmom � �° � � � � �o.� yca �-Nm�'� '_�'ya
C cmc°�°wm° YF- n, � �,-��yo.aac�,t°a �aaNOC �c eo
z �p � � �l4�O' � j E C � tn..y C L�� � N ��-tl1� tA � N ���..
' �p._ � O ,�- � t0 X l6 t(f �.0 O � O d.d
o I �L t=6 �a � �O O tL,p y,:�,C? N U~� C t4 N N � U N Y �
a � o '?wv,� a,a�:cT "' �° yi„�„p.o yQa�i �.°c-o Uqxj �mc .�ac)
C 7 � c a�i �m~°c U$w 6,- � ,� `° Ey� m a� a'°ictIIiQ a-�
co � �� o.a �� a� � �a� �� � o,'S <t�.cot- Q� N
_ m�- � m ... .` c v'° �wvm �o1- y� �y� �
�F— 3�C a� Q� E � y, y C).—� c �
fq� No � ca � o .Q �'a y �' �s � aea� o a� �,� >. ru � y CA
Wi� o ° n,��� m ��°cv a�imc°�� QEE�c a °o��o � c � W
Jd I �EocOc� �� 3° �=aEc�� o�'v�i a� c`�i= �� �ow
Qfn � � Ia> ��d �� o.> oy 0000�o °.c� I-�aa� E a i- Q�°
c �?�..� E � m E mY Q v�
F"f,~j � � � c�i o.m•`-' /6 s�°Q c�m � °.�,c na w�- u� � id y'= E�� .a c
ZQ, i L�'6 Ol E- t0 �:fl M p M p
Q m v i�o � � o- Q-3 °� o Emw� '�U e� ��� ��a � a � �U m o orn..
O, � � � � � � .-_ � E �a �� C � r�� m� �icv �?t-oc�� �-o�
� c •5 � •9 •5 .f v�w mEtn `�- � �� ���w o ,n � d' m o �t �
o a- o� o� a� m,� � � Q o�`m � c -c E a� �,'-"_ 1° o m:� � y�°U m
u. .-. � � � v L �omoo `o, iu° a��- a� m-o,°� 3 � �a � � m cE
0 � am ,c � � �.� > > � > >� � o o �n > � � a�
ql 1U W N N N t?L ` �,.'C, . p �S (4 N p� O.tII p)N._ N � �tlf w'O� tU.�-� N C_
�' � O O Q O CI Q'y.«�.. N Cn d S Q il'� O p0.,G'N�L p-= Q'. .m� 47 p p C 41� O'
q � z Z Z Z � m������ F-Q�� = m�m!� �n � u�� � a� cmca �O �I
� d I
� U � V I
U� �p._ � � y t` • 7'� L.0 O i .
� � U >+. ....C t6 .i] d ���.
,c �o Ix,a�i m= a� m 'c �� 3.:c i
fn Q1 C� �'_�� tC 4= +�+'�tS3 U t� (p ...
'"-sy � � >.E:U n�•- m u�•- � � E
� a�i � c � >'N ' � � �� > �w
0 0`
N CJ� �'rA N m U `C
[6= N: ' .a V N (
� N f1� �N E� O � � � t6� �p � � i ..
R 3 �p. o� o -o a a�
.oa� c�a? � c° � �� �' w �' ° °� � ca> I
� y N � /S U Q1 U G C) �� y .
'O/3.p /g �p C Gy VJ C�. N'_ N'_ X � tC.
Z °,� 3 a= m�".. �`� o"fl.a o �� I
u sE.c�? c � E � a�i av am� , acu y.
N �. p O � p� N � N� O d �'O � . .
mo3v� 'w � � oNa, � � :� N3 �r �' a�
� ��,o m � c� o w..•- wma `�- m•m �
� m o.,o Q°T� �o�m � v_� �.� � � a � �
o °? x n o na�i ot'�- o�..''c'�i o o cu � �
3�"� .C �o 3 ° a�i �:° �i �m�O �S° °'o °
U�V�� :I � N p I U C > . C >+ C W m .0 O �- a'.o
,a�' N ti5 7 y E U;�, N Q:O� N �'�N U C . I�IU O ! c.a .
� ° �3o�m:: a 'o:..� �� �� � Ecvi`� ��
c. n. o .- y ° E a� � � m °�� � � � co a?�.°�-' R�
� IL-� f°o' i�-�° o t.c- oo E� E`° c IE°'-'U � W °" '
� . � � j E
N t6 r
« �r4 � � c� v;«. r � �j �'N t (e�t.�w-= E�
m d� aa� �+ c`�ac�a o>�v ° � °OUXic °�o.`�—�° j 3E
m � .e y � �i' �y a1° � v ° v �c °—' v °�v,� , � o
� � c`�t ��„y�_, cYicc°�i c"'i'�°�o� c"i °� t�'.t�� rn ��'�o �, � � c
� � t4 f�. Y� iSd�—:N a6 .�..8... _ .ts.� is3 �i V-tm 64��:�sv w
� > . O.� N QV1 C Q.= y. Q� 0..� �O.O �.,47 � �° .
c�i I w � m3N � axi � � c°� � E °> Ec�� �mooi �;�
� _�,
� �
� m o
E c°v `m
� � a ........
� j � u
N W O
C
�
N
�
'a+
�
m
Q
m
V
C
V
�i.
G
Of
V)
O
�
�
J
N 'LS . = N'� ...........
N N .a ..�,, lC -p,�L,,,� p C aY.. N� 0 _.
p � .�.. ..�. � O� N �v-'O � t� �'p N.a'W O V 'O .0 �.
E = t° o' m�cN o ° � o��U .a?��-od � m
m� w
�� yc�° .,��..�°n o� `o E � m y.o �° Y� E L� °> °.o� � m rn o
tn aoc °� m � m °'0'� O-� 3Na�'iym �.c m °dacc � � E
� �d � c�a,� �� o �� � T ��3v�.� ��'o�.o mo��� � o � �
y Y° O� � afl- �' Eas''i�� c'oc�� n.Qa `� m °� rn� � °� �i >, Ec
is v m a � �a,�o m o c� o m
W a y O."y`� � y rA � Q.O N N �Y L W +���C O d � O�.�`-„ N� t0 N � N C ��
'p�. N N
� �,a� 'a mv tU� � �° 03� =v:?a � �'= �.ccc+ N > m om
d -,S y U O C N_ '6 . �O�- �N.0 O N p m� 01 �p C �
Z' � G O N O �n .� �p p �U �N„ l6 C�U ....+-� Q-.0 tBC w d� N C O V'_
O � >n`.� a m� c'm �csvi ��mc� cf6i=' � OE � •,x-nQ1II�� m N"- � �
F- ��o � m �•- �
o �
a ° m'�° � Q-� ���� m �' a.mNa°c ac y rn°.o o m> �'m � E.� $�
� �'� c°�ia�i �'°- Q° .,�a�., rnEa@in °'N � OC� Q�o�°c� E"° O-~ m `�° Q `« ch
�F= � � �s �.�� � � � �a,a- � �, m m=� c a�i �� � m� � =y'� � 3 .a o `�
t/�L ° Ev°'ia�� °�� ° Ec`tfl-m m= oyo� �,a�,-Om � ° ��.�c vNi ' �� •'� N � _
W � a� � o ° � � m �winE wcvcQ°� ° pt0��y,.a c_ csai.. � o� � m W
WZ y,°'� �� o. n' �' i,c �'3� n. mw �moc n`. c°�w3 � o Ew� � y �o roo fl,m
ma m 9w�cicYO, �O na°�iNa=�s o�a°SR� 'c'`:'.cc � N �nNU�.= _ Q Q�a o� �
QU) .. o00o E' m _� wE3c 'CNiAyW,a F' uamm � �CN ` �' '°-� Ea' mY
F � w .c o m � � m o 0 0- ar��a o d.�.� y � oa a�� N... o� �
~4 d � � cd� c o `� � m� �$�� � � '�� o.°_ oRavca�i �' ��° c� � rn� p °' ��o
'p C_ N
G. � NOm � �a� .- yo Um � ov;g y�� �'�� �- m �a�x.o 'v� moa�rn :'cc�i Q� a��
� O � y y C m T � p1 a' ,��„ � � N C g > V�'C C N in � py�= G..� Y y� C N N .-N, � lQ � -7 Q ���.
O � ��o c°�w� y�w cm�t'�-mn°� dU m.�c $ �'� c m�a c 3m nE axi 5 a�i �:� �i aXi '
� � � amc �oo.c � o:cc�o�
a � ° � a�i c° �.c°� �° 3 ° ° �°�3 md c • s s a ',
�
�
�
�
{ d
� o
a r
c a
v � m
� ��
G. °.m
� w E
r_
w E 1Q
c
E � E
c
c � o
O � 'c
> °�
C �'c
W . I U i�
, � — �
��
�o
1 O N
N N
i - _ O
I a O
V
� � � W O
O
N
O1
w
�
v
�
a
�
V
G
t6
v
w
C
�
tq
a-
O
J fA fA J J
� c
t0 U�� �C �
V a N 0 m ,��, � c6 p Y C d y � �p .� O � lT3
� S,N� O.t�� .y. � O y a p Q.� � . N y N > y � � � N C V1
.�U.. aQ O Q c `� � m «. � � o aEr Q c�i o�c�o a ° ° � N ° � °�w
m �oc°'i"= o mEEySS m ..woc no.�o�na� Ht� E °a`� °"_>
�� �� � �m �'g o �° oo.�� N2.3a•O E� c'�nN=w �a ?� '�m�am
vi°m��.��c0 �a ��_ "w o ° ,.c.�,�0 c �' �.ct6i��,° `o m E Q" c a-o 0
�n c q, '° c '_ v '�',��=... 4-.c._ E
_ :E �7 N N� N B m N C'C e!'O y y () C GJ C fU � W y ' � � �'+'C
Ui. � p�� �f O L 'O G= E G7 � Gf`� C � � � � y T N N�� � 9 ��^� �
Q c.��° 1°�y � �' E ��'u� �� �w ��� E m=r= m � Z y
W ��,o�o��- � � E a� o c.� �+ aci a�' � °� � a�i m� a�n E �a �m v�i °a
� ccrsoccoo.- � °'` � � c'a '� � c v
O_N O I-e-,p ,�- �'.O Q N 61 � N N p p'` O�CO .�.�C� N Q � C.«L.
Z = y� ���� � �� E.o � � ��3 �= � E���C� � � yQt��$
��
O �L l6`�T� � �+E v"= C'Q p IU�s�- N � O�. N �•C� Q V ��� �¢ � � ��
� O y� N �U �� t4'"' V1 � w+ �' a1 � f6� (6 Uf N.0 Q@ y'n t6�.tQ O.
a mmc""o-o� a�:°"'oomo ros� � oo a� E.c,� REy � rn y �� �
� co °S >`� °N � c'a�v� � wy �� 3� cN �� �O.°�cca Ec � ° � m v
rI_ m.Ca�io`t�1YN ���� d �� m � . ' �d' N o � o:�""D-c�p�. rnaNi .>w �a <- .
�� No > aa� y � �n •y,_ � Q � co.�.?�A � a� mE•- nEv � c•g cc ��n °-o cfy
uJ u� °-°E r'°o m m� c.'yc o o�y E c° rn� c m mv �oyrn>.m o� > �3 c c�`' �= W
� 'o ° Q�n i- E v C a� co � d�� �o� v�O o�i-v tn.«, c Q�� � � o o � 'c'�._
WZ °.E � c E° E�ea� � �n Ena� n. � � � �'��� � � o� a3 m ��
m'Q � oa'� ° �I`_° c p, �_�° c yw a°�ofl �'�.aa y o,°s m�� a� � �a e�3
la-F- � o' ° e� � mf0o a..��..,c3mvE, � c° o � oo'° °'NCC1°i~ � � �- E ��`-''"
U y vam._.c rn �.- �.. y' a .ccE �._ _� >�c •• o :°
� 'C V�°C7=�:, �U �w- C �O U N�C C N w � �N Q:41 O t6. . � @ � C.�C-fl
CQ. � O=L � t6 � � .� Y� � � � V � � O � �_ �v 7 � fff �� t�6.y C�C:. N � � ` �.y L
G C d' Vl .��N Ql.�;p N U N� d' �.�y� O N T Q'D � � 9 G7 � '� d'e. N Ql N ��
o mc `oc � ��� `cEm.c � �s mY.� o,n � ccEary� ° � a�i'�n a. m °a cHa�
u. :.� � �w-� -°m � >'� >m-+ rni.' � mo � ca a �... a� y am.Q ro .. ov- v�
O � N U.G U= Q-� N � O S] N C O y U�r N'D �_ � t0 O � �J � O._ C. N U r_�- � N
� �s- m D� E a 3 m >:o > �_ � � -o �•Q�n =�- c ca � � � a's� c
Y' �' m °-Y:� c m �a o aad o � m m ao� ac � e-o Q�n aw � ma
� � � ��� c°.�d�Y `o S m Ei�-Rw � � m�nm� � c°�!�U c°�� �w E� � Z � v •-
d
� '
� � �Q.Z m
1/� N ?'Y �p � �..
f0 N CY.3 O f6 G �
aca � �
mv��i�°'°' �"= E�
ui a � c� o3t7 0
C 0 N = � � y U N � �S
'O 'D �6 w E C � � U I
�G 0 C L C � U N n. Q.
3c°� 3 ��°� = `oo �° E I '
m'-
V � V O 'S m (� C'� Q'C I
N. Qt T p (O � N N p,�
O � O.p O � ��Q p ��.
d � Il N �N N O'CI �'N I
N � N� p�N C e � N'-
„L., � ,._„ � N.� � > ,._„ � .
V N'fl t0 �C O `ti' Q' �
O y O� y � 'O �•� O N .
C'� C �,� > � C I ���
O � O� �t6 V..�..� O„�„ � � ����..
. � y� l4� C y C � � � ( 'p
C >+ C y Ol � � C � �.'C
. a+ � 3 � � U N-p 'p^O O N t6 � p o,
� � N� N l�`II v N Q-O'U N N..: c R
. Q' Q.O 0.....C X � �•O aN t0 K�� �
� E � E��a> � ��� a E... c� wE
� y -� � o o .. m � - �� m-
m ° � ° °'amc r- � °' �E�v' � E
m C el' N er ��N � �'y a c.� er?`.�' W o .....
N ql p .� N t4 y
� 0 C1 t? l6 � U � v � CJ y� V ��C � C .
� � �'� �'�ia aai o �.>�a•`n �.>w? I � ,�-�
N w E > Ec� mo. �.`°cc°'oa�i gma I �u